"This is the time for all groups to work behind closed doors together to agree on the way forward, because Republique, true to itself, will be planning its intimidation..."( SCNC)
Prof Peter Wuteh Vakunta
United States of America
"This is the time for all groups to work behind closed doors together to agree on the way forward, because Republique, true to itself, will be planning its intimidation..."( SCNC)
Prof Peter Wuteh Vakunta
United States of America
Posted by Wuteh on Wednesday, 23 November 2016 at 04:01 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Cultural, Diaspora News, Emmanuel Konde, Gems from the Web, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Gravitas: Poetic Consciencism for Cameroon is the poet's requiem for the geographical expression code-named Cameroon. Vakunta speaks with the audacity of a daredevil and the certitude of a seer. This long poem has the twin virtues of gravity and clarity of purpose. The poet eschews the banality and sophistry characteristic of poetry for poetry's sake. Passion, sarcasm, and incisive irony are the hallmarks of this revolutionary poem. The poet subscribes to Salman Rushdie's pronouncement that a poet's duty is to say the unutterable, name the unnamable, unmask masquerading miscreants and shame the scum of society. In this poem, music serves as a clarion call for examination of conscience,and the fumigation of a rotten society; alcohol ceases to serve as opium of the people. A bittersweet potion, this book echoes the defiant voice of a son-of-the-soil at odds with his native land gone topsy-turvy.
Excerpt from the Book
Huruje! Huruje! Huruje!/
Kunkum Massa! Oh!/
Kunkum Massa!Oh!/
Hands on deck!/
Huruje! Huruje! Huruje!/
Kunkum Massa! Oh !/
Kunkum Massa!Oh!/
Huruje! Huruje! Huruje!/
One time! GO! GO!GO!/
THE BARD/
Voice of the voiceless/
Quiet peace-maker/
Loquacious griot/
Taciturn zombie/
YOU…/
Scavenger of social scum/
You create your own world/
A world of intoxication/
YOU… ME…TOWN CRIER/
Basking in the solace/
Of mediocrity and myopia/
The ‘People’s Representatives’/
Metamorphosed nitwits/
Yap like hoodlums/
In the bowels of the/
Ngoa-Ekelle Glass House/
Handclapping semi-literates/
Kowtowing to the dictates of/
Diabolical machinations/
Orchestrated by an inept Executive/
Enchained by the wheeling and dealing/
Of foreign overlords/
Toying with the supreme law of the land/
Gerrymandering being their stock-in–trade /
Posted by Wuteh on Friday, 28 October 2016 at 05:45 PM in Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Music, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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By Peter Vakunta, Ph.D.
Introduction
Life is not all sunshine and roses in Biya’s Cameroon. Much water has flowed under the bridge since Mr. Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo took over the reins of leadership from his predecessor and mentor, Mr. Ahmadou Ahidjo on November 6, 1982. Put differently, this mercurial hard-hearted persona has presided over the fate of Cameroonians for thirty-four (34) years. It is time to take the pulse of the nation-state. The Cameroon that Biya inherited more than three decades ago has degenerated into a human junk-yard, where nitwits, miscreants and morally bankrupt self-seekers ride roughshod over a befuddled populace. Aided and abetted by tribal overlords and imperialistic octopuses, Biya has run the post-colony aground through ineptitude and dearth of foresight compounded by unpatriotic fervor. With the support and blessing of French imperialists, the Cameroonian lumpen bourgeoisie has organized the systematic plunder of Cameroon. With the crumbs of the plunder that often reverts to them, the Cameroonian petty bourgeoisie has been transformed, slowly but surely, into a veritably parasitic socio-economic class that no longer knows how to control its voracious appetite for foreign commodities—material and intellectual. Driven only by their own selfish interests, they no longer hesitate to employ the most disingenuous contraptions, engaging in massive corruption, embezzlement of public funds, influence-peddling, nepotism and dereliction of duty in a bid to meet their ends by over-indulging in politics of the belly.[i]
Politics of the Belly as Governmental Modus Operandi
Paul Biya has surrounded himself with a bulwark of compulsive chop-broke-potters[ii], culled from his own ethnic group, the Beti tribe, who have a knack for bulimia, impulsive spending and misappropriation of state funds. Not satisfied with living off the backs of the Cameroonian rank and file, these political misfits fight tooth and nail to monopolize positions of power within the Chop Pipo Dem Moni (CPDM) ruling party[iii] that have the potential to allow them to use the state apparatus for their own exploitative and wasteful ends. The Beti modus vivendi epitomizes the political philosophy described by Polzenhagen and Wolf (2007) as the “Kinship-based African Community Model” (p.131). This model has been described as a horizontal network that stretches laterally and embraces everybody who is perceived to belong to a particular social group (Mbiti, 1990, p.102). The problem with this sort of ethnocentric political philosophy is that it is exclusive, egregious, counter-productive, and inimical to national integration. Paul Biya’s governmental modus operandi has created a system of endemic corruption that defies all attempts to eradicate. Corruption has crippled our national economy. Writing along similar lines, Timah Njei (2005) makes heartrending remarks about the State of Cameroon and corrupt practices which I cite at length as follows:
"Corruption has brought our beloved country to her knees and exposed us to international ridicule. Our country has held the first position as the most corrupt nation on earth and it is on record that those governing us actually lobbied that the country be classified as one of the poorest highly indebted nations on earth! One really needs to be courageous and shame-proof to make a request like this for such an apparently rich nation. This act alone qualifies us to be in the hall of fame of corruption. The issue of corruption in Cameroon has gone past the level that can be described only as a social ill. It has effectively become part of our national culture. Corruption is embedded in every facet of our national life and it has effectively thwarted and dislocated our path to nationhood for generations to come"[8]
The forgoing remarks lend credence to the consternation of Cameroonian sociologist, Jean-Marc Ela who writes as follows:
"Le Cameroun semble échapper à toute catégorie de l’entendement. Ce qui arrive à ce pays relève de l’inimaginable, de l’incroyable et de l’impossible. Tout ce passe, en définitive, comme si, sous le règne de M. Paul Biya, le Cameroun tout entier avait basculé dans le hors-norme, la déraison ou la folie"[9]
[It would appear that the case of Cameroon defies all attempts at comprehension. What has happened to this country seems unimaginable, unbelievable, and impossible. In sum, it seems as if under Paul Biya Cameroon has plunged into illegality, irrationality, and insanity]
The sad truth about the disheartening Cameroonian narrative is that all of this mindboggling stuff is unfolding in full view of petrified nationals who are mired in squalor, misery and abject poverty. A visit to the Briqueterie neighborhood in the capital city of Yaoundé would drive home the point. This is an urban ghetto where human beings and animals vie for personal space. In an article titled “Sodome et Gomorrhe: Briqueterie-Mokolo: le Texas dans la capitale,” Ismaila Djida portrays this neighborhood as the Sodom and Gomorrah of the capital city of Yaounde. This holds true for other impoverished neighborhoods in the country such as Moloko in Yaounde and Nkouloulou in Doula. While Cameroon is a paradise for the oligarchy in Yaounde, the wealthy minority, for the majority, it is a barely tolerable hell on earth. Part of this disenchanted majority, the so-called fonctionnaires (civil servants) suffer insurmountable constraints engendered by governmental dysfunction, despite the fact that they are assured a regular income. Their poverty-line wages are spent before they have even been received. And this vicious cycle goes on and on with no end in sight. Sometimes, pressure from civil servants pushes politicians to grant some concessions, such as salary increments. But these concessions are mere make-believe because the government often takes back with one hand what it gives with the other. Thus a ten percent wage increase is announced with great fanfare in the media, only to be immediately followed by tax hikes, wiping out the expected benefits. Clearly, politics of the stomach sustained by a divide and rule contraption constitute an integral part of the system put in place by politicians in Cameroon to further subjugate the suffering masses.
Divide and Rule in the Post-colony
Part of the exploited majority in Cameroon is constituted by peasants, the well-known wretched of the earth, who are expropriated, robbed, humiliated and mistreated on a regular basis by men and women in uniform—mange-mille[iv], gendarmes and the military. Interestingly, the peasantry is the mainstay of the Cameroonian economy because they are the ones whose labor creates wealth. Thanks to their productive labor, the nation stays afloat against all odds. It is from their labor that all those Cameroonians for whom Cameroon is an El Dorado line their pockets. And yet, it is the peasants who are least served by the nation. They lack road infrastructure, healthcare facilities, portable water, electricity and good schools for their children. It is the peasants, creators of the nation’s wealth, who suffer the most in the hands of so-called élus du peuple[v]. So much for a misnomer! It is the children of peasants who swell the ranks of Chômencam[vi], the plethora of the unemployed in Cameroon. It is among the peasants that illiteracy rate is the highest in the country— 68.9%. Those who most need to learn, in order to improve the output of their productive labor, are the ones who benefit the least from investments in education and technology. The peasant youth—who have the same aptitude like their urban counterparts end up in the wrong places. Their initial impulse drives them to urban centers—Yaounde, Douala, Bafoussam, Nkongsamba, Buea, and Limbe to name but a few, where they hope to land jobs and enjoy, too, the advantages of modernism.
Sadly enough, lack of academic qualifications precludes these compatriots from landing gainful employment. Lack of jobs drives them into illegal activities such as drug peddling, feymenia[vii], prostitution and more. Some eke out a living by working as pedes[viii] at the beck and call of some sexually starved katikas[ix]. Others resolve to make a pittance working as bendskinneurs[x] and call-boxeurs.[xi] As a last resort, some of them seek salvation by attempting to go abroad by any means necessary. Lately, we have seen disheartening pictures in media outlets of our compatriots who have perished like chicken on high seas and oceans in a desperate attempt to flee from an uninhabitable homeland. The New York Times of May 29, 2016 reported that in three days, 700 deaths had occurred on the Mediterranean, some of them Cameroonians. Does the Cameroonian society provide these compatriots with any alternative? Stated succinctly, such is the state of the nation that Mr. Biya will bequeath to Cameroonians when he ultimately answers the call of the Divine in the not too distant future—a paradise for some and hell for the rest. When all is said and done, Mr. Biya’s track record is one of dismal failure.
Underperformance of Political Incumbency
Students of Mr. Paul Biya’s report card make no bones about the fact that he is a monumental political failure. After thirty-four years of deconstructionist leadership and retrogressive political agendas bolstered by intrusive imperialist domination and exploitation, post-colonial Cameroon under the Biya regime remains a backward nation with nothing to offer the world. This hitherto great nation has been transformed into an underdeveloped heart of darkness, to borrow words from one of Africa’s compulsive denigrators, Joseph Conrad (1899s), where the rural poor—employing 92 percent of the workforce—accounts for only 47 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and supplies 94 percent of the country’s total exports. It should be noted that in other African countries, notably Nigeria, Ghana, Botswana and South Africa, farmers constituting less than ten percent of the population manage not only to feed themselves adequately and satisfy the basic needs of the entire nation, but also to export enormous quantities of their agricultural produce. Paradoxically, in Cameroon more than 90 percent of the population, despite strenuous efforts, experiences deprivation and is compelled to fall back on imported food items from France, China and more. The imbalance between exports and imports accentuates Cameroon’s dependency on foreign countries. An economy that functions on such a paralysis inevitably goes bankrupt and is headed for catastrophe.
Private investments from abroad constitute a huge drain on Cameroon’s economy and thus do not help strengthen its ability to accumulate wealth. That is because an important portion of the wealth created with the help of foreign investors is siphoned off abroad, instead of being reinvested to increase the country’s productive capability. Paul Biya inherited a buoyant economy from Ahmadou Ahidjo and ran it into a recession a couple of years later not only because he does not practice what he preaches but also because he lacks the cognitive ability to conceptualize economic recovery strategies.In the 1990s, salaries of civil servants were slashed drastically, in some cases by 60 percent. This writer worked as senior translator at the Presidency of the Republic at the time and endured the fiscal humiliation by keeping a stiff upper lip. In fact, he worked for an entire fiscal year without receiving a paycheck from the government because his dossier[xii] had gathered dust in the drawers of some numskull in the Ministère de la Fonction Publique [Ministry of Public Service] in Yaounde. He survived on a pittance that was called prime de technicité[xiii] in bygone days. Salary cuts were quickly followed by privatization which still leaves a sour taste in the mouths of Cameroonians to date.
The greatest weakness of Paul Biya has been in the economic sector. Almost a year ago, he posed a rhetorical question to Cameroonians when he asked the following question: “Why is it that Cameroon has everything in human and natural resources yet is not having the feel good effects?” Five cankers suffice to provide Mr. President with a candid response: endemic corruption, misappropriation of state funds, apartheid-style tribalism, blind-sidedness, and impunity are wreaking havoc in the moral and economic fabrics of the Cameroonian post-colony. Biya took over power in 1982 and announced with pomp and fanfare that his catchwords were going to be rigor and moralization. But the president soon found himself surrounded by a clique of diehard ethnocentric tribesmen, cronies, as well as a coterie of myopic CPDM praise-singers that sang his praises but remained blind-sided to national issues of grave importance. Consequently, Mr. Biya remains a myopic alien in the land that he purports to govern. If fact, he governs this nation of 23+ million jobajo[xiv] drinkers and makossa dancers by remote control.
Governance by Remote Control
Biya does not live in Cameroon and, therefore, does not know Cameroonians. The president is out of touch with the Cameroonian reality. The absentee landlord spends several months in a calendar year in Europe touring casinos and nude beaches with no specific agenda in mind. In 2009, Biya sparked global outrage after reports emerged of a 20-day holiday in France where he spent an average of £35,000 a day, totaling £700,000.Once back home, he retires to his million-dollar castle in his home village of Mvog-Meka to play golf and drink whiskey and champagne. It is for this reason that international observers of the political status quo in Cameroon have branded the Cameroonian Head of State le Roi fainéant[xv]. Biya does nothing to change the destiny of his country. His latest fad about les grandes réalisations[xvi] is political hogwash! The man is an under-achiever, to put it bluntly. Biya’s inept governance has brought Cameroon to its knees. Three decades ago, cities like Douala, Nkongsamba, Bafoussam, Edea, Limbe, Bamenda, Buea and Yaounde, were commercial hubs teeming with business activities and life. Nowadays, they are virtual ghost towns. Biya’s nonchalant leadership attitude has robbed Cameroon of its luster. Cameroon is no longer the Africa in miniature that it was known to be. The Republic of Cameroon is a sore finger on the anatomy of the African continent.
Biya’s lack of political foresight has transformed Cameroon into a beggarly nation. We are beasts of no nation, [xvii]to borrow words from an illustrious son of the soil who perished fighting the Cameroonian canker code-named biyaism. [xviii] Biyaism has moved Cameroon ten years backwards in terms of infrastructural development.The physical environment in Yaoundé is an eyesore.Piles of garbage litter streets here and there. Potholes left, right and center. Unfinished government buildings punctuate the already tarnished landscape of our phantom capital city. Douala does not fare any better. It is a shadow of its former self.The Douala International airport that Biya inherited from his predecessor is now in a shambles—no running water in the restrooms, no toilet paper, broken tiles on the floor, a total mess! What remains of the Douala Port is a nefarious abyss in the bottom of which customs officers hide to steal money from Tom, Dick and Harry.The Limbe Deep Seaport is dead, buried, and forgotten. Speaking in Yaoundé on January 15, 2015 at a meeting with a delegation of South Korean technocrats, Minister of the Economy, Planning and Regional Development, Emmanuel Nganou Ndjoumessi, announced that the Limbe Deep Seaport will be operational soon. Cameroonians are still waiting and shall wait until Godot[xix] comes. Accountability has been thrown to the dogs in that geographical expression nicknamed Cameroon.
Conclusion
The pulse of the post-colony has been taken. And there is incontrovertible evidence that the nation-state is malignant. This discourse serves as a pointer to the legacy that Mr. Paul Biya and his accessories will bequeath to millions of Cameroonians, many of whom have never known any other president. This is a legacy that truly stinks and spells nothing but doom for the young men and women that the president took the oath office on November 6, 1982 to nurture and protect. The purport of this write-up is not to provide a panacea for the myriads of ailments that plague Cameroon under President Paul Biya; rather it is a dirge composed by a son of the soil whose heart throbs for the demise of a nation richly blessed with natural and human capital; and yet sorely lacking in strategic thinkers and leadership visionaries. No Cameroonian who loves and honors his native land can remain indifferent to the status quo at home. Indeed, valiant, hardworking people have never been able to tolerate such a situation. Because they understand that this is not an irreversible situation, but a question of society being organized on an unjust system for the sole benefit of an oligarchy. They have, therefore, waged different kinds of struggles, searching for various ways and means to overthrow the old order, establish a new order capable of rehabilitating the ordinary man, and give their country a leading place within the community of free, prosperous, and respected nations. Cameroonians have a tough call. They should not expect lynchpins of the old order to change their mentality and embrace sweeping changes any time soon. The only language that dictators respond to and understand is the language of force, the revolutionary class struggle against the exploiters and oppressors of the rank and file. The people’s revolution that I envision in this write-up is the only act by which the Cameroonian people will impose their will on the parasitic class that has hijacked the nation-state; that class has benefited perennially from the matrimony that exists between the national and imperialistic bourgeoisie in Cameroon. The Cameroonian Popular Revolution that is called for will be a class struggle by which the Cameroonian people impose their will on the ruling class by all means at their disposal, including arms, if necessary.
Notes
[i] In his 1989 book L'État en Afriquel: la politique du ventre (translated as The State in Africa: Politics of the Belly (2009)Jean-François Bayart attempts to describe African politics and, in particular, the relationship between clientelism, corruption and power
[ii] Reference to Cameroonians, notably Betis, who do not save for the rainy day; spendthrifts
[iii] Derogatory name for the ruling party, the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement( CPDM)
[iv] Corrupt police officers in Cameroon
[v] People’s representatives
[vi] Chronic unemployment in Cameroon
[vii] Underhand deals of conmen
[viii] French slang for homosexual
[ix] Big shots
[x] Motor-cycle drivers
[xi] People who sell air-time to mobile phone users
[xii] File
[xiii] Professional honorarium
[xiv] Locally brewed beer
[xv] Lazy king
[xvi] Big achievements
[xvii]Reference a play by Bate Besong titled Beasts of no Nation(1990)
[xviii] Paul Biya’s governmental philosophy
[xix] Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, wait endlessly and in vain for the arrival of someone named Godot
Works cited
Bayart, Jean-François. L’état en A frique: la politique du ventre. Paris: Fayard, 1989.
__________________. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. New York: Longman, 1993.
Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1989.
Besong, Bate. Beasts of No Nation. Yaounde: Editions CLE, 2003.
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Dover, 1990.
Djida, Ismail. “Sodome et Gomorrhe: Briqueterie- Mokolo: le Texas dans la capitale,” Retrieved
March 12, 2015 from http://www.camer.be/48767/11:1/cameroun-yaounde-comme-
sodome-et-gomorrhe-briqueterie-mokolo-le-texas-dans-la-capitale-cameroon.html
Ela, Jean-Marc. Innovations sociales et renaissance de l’Afrique noire,
L’Harmattan, Paris, 1998.
Mbiti, J. African Religions and Philosophy. Florence: Heinemann, 1990.
New York Times. “Three Days, 700 Deaths as Mediterranean Migrant Crisis Flares,” Retrieved
September 23, 2016 from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/world/europe/migrants-deaths-mediterranean-libya-italy.html?_r=0
Njei, M.T. “Cameroon and Corruption,” Retrieved October 15, 2016 from
http://www.njeitimah-outlook.com/articles/article/2076046/31946.htm
Polzenhagen, F. and Wolf, Hans-Georg. “Culture-specific Conceptualizations of Corruption in
African English.” In Sharidian, F. and Palmer, G.B. (eds.) Applied Cultural Linguistics:
Implications for Second Language Learning and Intercultural Communication,
125-168. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s publishing Company, 2007.
The Guardian Newspaper. “32 Years of Biyaism: Those Praises of Deceit,” Retrieved on August
12, 2016 from http://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Editorial-32-years-of-Biyaism-those-praises-of-deceit-314291
Posted by Wuteh on Monday, 17 October 2016 at 07:08 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emmanuel Konde, Gems from the Web, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Peter Wuteh Vakunta, Ph.D.
Recourse to the term ‘pogrom’ seems a befitting epithet to describe the wanton killings and verbal vendettas that characterized the campaign rallies preceding the August 3 local government elections in the rainbow nation of South Africa. As in the past, the running of this year’s elections has been tainted by cut-throat competition, unbridled recourse to racial slurs, ethnocentric witch-hunting, mudslinging, and outright physical elimination of political opponents much to the dismay of shocked citizenry nationwide. Little wonder, the slogan “use the ballot, not the bullet” became the rallying cry of petrified political militants and observers during the run-up to the municipal elections. To date, South Africa boasts scores of political parties, some as thinly populated as the average household in the country. The major contenders in this year’s polls are the African National Congress (ANC), Democratic Alliance(DA), Economic Freedom Fighters(EFF), Inkatha Freedom Party(IFP), United Democratic Movement(UDM) and National Freedom Party (NFP).Some political light-weights vying for votes are the African People’s Convention (APC), Congress of the People (COP), African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP), and the South African Communist Party among others.
The mind-boggling anomaly about the just concluded municipal elections in South Africa is the penchant for lethal inter-party rivalry among contestants. In a bid to canvass for votes for the ruling party (ANC), incumbent president, Jacob Zuma has simply tossed decorum to the dogs and resorted to name-calling and racial slurs to cast aspersions on political opponents. Speaking to throngs of party supporters in Polokwane in the Limpopo Province on July 26, 2016, the president singled out his most dreaded political opponent, Julius Malema, leader of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) party and called on voters to shun the EFF on the following terms: “Don’t vote for the boy from Limpopo” (Sowetan, July 26, 2016, p.12). In yet another tirade, Zuma likened Malema to a liar: “Don’t vote for the party of the boy from Limpopo who is disrespectful and a liar” (Sowetan, July 25, p.4). There is consensus among the rank and file in South Africa that President Zuma’s political rants are preposterous and unbecoming of a president. Zuma has repeatedly taken pot shots at the DA party, accusing it of being a race-conscious party. At the same time, he appoints members of this party as ambassadors. It is this incongruity and selective amnesia that Thembo Sono alludes to when he posits that Jacob Zuma’s racist taunts reach “lunatic proportions when he himself appoints DA white members as ambassadors, like Douglas Gibson, while denouncing Maimane for consorting with whites”(Sowetan,July 22, 2016.p.20). It should be noted that Mmusi Maimane is leader of the Democratic Alliance (DA) party.
Writing in the same paper, Richardson Mzaidume took umbrage at the president’s comments: “It’s very unfortunate that during his campaign for votes, President Jacob Zuma, infamously known as the dancing truant, used racism to drive his point home” (Sowetan, p.12). Zuma has repeatedly referred to the Democratic Alliance (DA) party as a resurrected National Party (NP), the party that institutionalized apartheid in South Africa. Mzaidume qualified Zuma’s remarks as unfortunate and points out that “Zuma is not just the president of black people but also of the same whites he is now blasting. The ANC also has a sizeable number of white members” (Sowetan, July 26, 2016, p.12).
A spate of politically motivated murders has left militants of all political parties petrified. The killing of two Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) members by suspects allegedly wearing ANC t-shirts was reported in the Sowetan (July 27, 2016, p.8). The paper reports that Bongani Skhosana, age 29 was shot dead while returning from an IFP door-to-door campaign. Skhosana was wearing the party’s t-shirt when he was shot four times in the stomach by a man wearing an ANC t-shirt. Another IFP party militant, Siyanda Mnguni, was shot and killed outside a tavern just hours after Skhosana’s killing a street away. Mnguni was also wearing an ANC t-shirt. These gruesome murders have sent chills down the spines of candidates who have been nominated by their wards.
Nationwide, voters are crippled with fear of being killed for simply exercising their constitutional right to vote. Indubitably, this status quo is a slap in the face of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) which seems to be a toothless bull dog. In spite of these ‘pogroms’ jeopardizing the likelihood of free and fair elections in South Africa, the IEC has remained indolent and incapable of taking bold steps to put an end to the blatant abuse of citizens’ right to choose their own leaders. In a desperate plea, to the IEC, chairperson of the Inkatha Freedom Party, Blessed Gwala wrote: “We call on the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) to ensure that there are consequences for those who don’t adhere to the electoral code of conduct. When acts of violence or intimidation take place, it’s a direct challenge to the IEC and police as perpetrators of such violence are testing the resolve of the IEC to ensure that there are free and fair elections”(Sowetan, July 27, 2016, p.8).
Truth must be told. Given the current state of affairs in South Africa, the notion of free and fair elections is a tall order. These acts pose a daunting challenge to the democratization process in the country. As Mmusi Maimane puts it, “… elections and the campaigns by political parties are, by their very essence, a festival of the democratic process of electing leaders” (Sowetan, July 27, 2016, p.16). Speaking in the same vein, Deputy President, Cyril Ramaphosa hit the nail on the head when he observed that these killings defile South Africa’s “… democratic intent as a nation”(Sowetan, July 25, 2016). He underscored the fact that South Africa’s ethos was about giving people a choice and this meant zero tolerance for the status quo where murderers are given the right to choose who should be elected to govern. The Deputy President made these remarks on his campaign trail in Tembisa, a township next to Pretoria in Gauteng Province.
To date, scores of political party militants have been murdered. These include militants from the African National Congress, Inkatha Freedom Party and National Freedom Party. One of the politically-motivated killings that have shocked the entire nation is the slaying of Kyanyisile Ngobese Sibisi, the ANC Women’s League secretary in Kwazulu Natal. She was a candidate in Ward 20 for the local government elections. The Sowetan reports that Kyanyisile Ngobese Sibisi was shot eight times with an AK-47 by gunmen traveling in a car. One of Kyanyisile Ngobese Sibisi’s comrades said that Kyanyisile Ngobese Sibisi did not want to stand as councilor but the party had persuaded her to accept the nomination because of her qualities. Clearly, the murder of this woman is a portent illustration of the triumph of mediocrity over meritocracy in the rainbow nation of South Africa. Adumbrating this theme further, Prince Mashele makes the following suggestion: “The best solution would be for a political party to adopt meritocracy as a guiding principle in choosing and replacing candidates for political office. This may seem banal, but strict adherence to it can save lives and build a better society” (Sowetan, July 25, 2016, p.15).
Though the motives for these murders are yet to be unraveled, the grapevine has it that those who are killed will be replaced by murderous aspirants. But the Independent Electoral Commission has bad news for the hopefuls: “All the councilor candidates who have been recently killed across the country will still be fielded to contest their respective wards in the upcoming local government elections” (Sowetan, July 27, 2016, p.4). In an article titled “Assassinated Candidates Can Still Be Elected,” Independent Electoral Commission Chairperson, Kate Bapela, explained: “The law did not allow the Commission to do anything now in terms of getting the candidates replaced. There is no time to replace the deceased candidates before the elections which are scheduled for next week” (p.4). She further shed light on what will transpire after the August 3 ballot: “We will go with the candidates who were nominated. Just after the elections we will have to hold by-elections in all the affected wards” (p.4).
Interestingly, interparty warfare does not seem to be the lone canker eating into the very fabric of South Africa’s polity. Intra-party strife is sounding the death knell of the country’s political superstructure. Political murders continued to haunt South Africans of all stripes as they headed to the polls on August 3, 2016. In an article published in Sowetan (July 25, 2016), Prince Mashele opines that “Speculation is rife within communities that the killings are by ANC members who covet positions held by those murdered, the logic being that the dead shall be replaced by the murderers within the party”(p.15).
In sum, there is no gainsaying the fact that South Africans have their job cut out for them. Tata Madiba Nelson Mandela, who spent twenty-seven years of his life in maximum security prisons for championing the cause of Black liberation in South Africa, must be turning several times in his grave right now. The onus rests with voters who have the yam and the knife. They must exercise their voting right to oust bad leaders who relish the thought of stirring the hornet’s nest for personal gain. Such unpatriotic leaders ought to be replaced with good ones. To do so, voter education is crucial. South Africans must shun tribal politics; they must steer clear of political hawks that swoop down on the electorate with hollow promises on the eve of elections and vanish like the whirlwind in the dusk of elections. I was visiting friends in South Africa during the pre-election period and noticed how some ill-informed voters were easily bought over with ephemeral stuff such as free blankets and cheap food. Voters must be wise enough to exercise caution in distinguishing voting for the kind of change that builds and solidifies the rainbow nation from the brand of tribal politics that has the potential to tear the nation into shreds by bloating the ego of a rapacious oligarchy resident in Pretoria.
About the author
Dr. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is Professor of Global Languages and Cross-Cultural Studies at the University of Indianapolis, United States of America
Posted by Wuteh on Monday, 08 August 2016 at 04:30 PM in Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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The burden of Hepatitis is huge in sub-Saharan Africa. With the number of infected persons growing so rapidly it is feared that this silent epidemic may be capable of wrecking the entire sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, majority of those infected do not know that they have the disease. As such they do not seek help and they continue to spread the viruses to their love ones and friends most of the times unknowingly. The few people who know that they are infected do not know the options available to them. Also, many persons in Africa have not taken measures to protect themselves against hepatitis because they do not know how transmission occurs especially in the context of persons living in Africa or of African origin. Struggle against the notorious liver germs was written in the era of advanced treatment and cure by a leading world-class expert in the field to highlight some local practices and issues associated with the transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in such a way that people in Africa can relate to. It is written for the common man on the streets anywhere in Africa and for those involved in one way or the other in policy and social issues that play directly on the provision of vaccination, testing, awareness and care of patients with infectious diseases. It will be a good idea if you share this book with your family and friends so they too will understand more about the different aspects and health issues associated with hepatitis.
Posted by Dr Bill F. NDI on Friday, 24 June 2016 at 10:59 PM in Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Books, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Cultural, Diaspora News, Dibussi Tande, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, Gems from the Web, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, News Dispatches, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Reviewer: Peter Wuteh Vakunta, Ph.D.
La vie est un sale boulot (2009) finds a niche in the corpus of sociological novels[1] on two counts. Primarily, the text arises out of a social context plagued by ontological problems. The backdrop against which the narrative unfolds is Libreville in Gabon. Furthermore, the text is written in a manner that puts characters at odds with societal and governmental apparatuses. The socio-cultural depth of Otsiemi’s narrative necessitates recourse to an exegetic [2]paradigm if one is to do justice to literary criticism. The first canker that the novelist satirizes in the text is the obnoxious attitude of government officials who tend to abuse power with impunity as this excerpt illustrates: “Les flics de Libreville étaient connus pour leur brutalité de chien mal nourris. Et dans la population librevilloise, on n’appréciait guère leurs méthodes quand il s’agissait d’arrêter des petits délinquants pendant que les ouattara vidaient les caisses de l’Etat sans être inquiétés.”(107)[The cops in Libreville were notorious for acts of brutality that made them look like malnourished dogs. And the inhabitants of Libreville hardly appreciated the fact that they arrested petty criminals when the ouattara were emptying government coffers with impunity.] In a footnote, Otsiemi translates the word ouattara as ‘homme fortuné’ which could be rendered in English as “wealthy man”. Interestingly, by inserting this indigenous language word in his French language text, Otsiemi succeeds in indigenizing the language of the ex-colonizer by using French as a conveyor of African thought pattern and imagination; a phenomenon that Zabus (1991) describes as “the writer’s attempt at textualizing linguistic differentiation and at conveying African concepts, thought-patterns, and linguistic features through the ex-colonizer’s language.”(3)
A critical reading of La vie est un sale boulot lends itself to the contention according to which the African palimpsest is at work in Otsiemi’s novel, a process which Zabus (1991) describes as the African writer’s “attempts to simulate the character of African speech in a Europhone text…”(101) To put this differently, readers and critics of Otsiemi’s novel are invited to uncover the cultural layers and contesting indigenous languages in ferment behind the apparently homogenous French in the novel as seen in the following excerpt: “Un vrai ouistiti, je ne dis pas, balança Lebèque, histoire d’en rajouter. Il bosse au ministère du Commerce. Elle dit qu’elle a percé depuis qu’elle couille avec lui.”(46)[A real ouistiti, needless to say, Lebèque hurled and added that he works at the Ministry of Commerce. She says she’s been deflowered since he’s been screwing her.] Notice that the indigenous language word “ouistiti” provides not just local color but also a robust cultural substructure that undergirds Otsiemi’s narrative, even if it has a pejorative connotation given that the word alludes to the flirtatious character of the man referenced in this excerpt. This novel is a palimpsest in the sense that, behind the scriptural authority of the ex-colonizer’s language, the incompletely erased African tongue can still be perceived as seen in the example above. This innovative style of fictional writing could be described as an attempt to subvert the dominance of the ex-colonizer’s language in a post-colonial text. Arguing along similar lines, Ashcroft et al. posit that postcolonial literature emerges in its present form “out of the experience of colonization and the tension with the imperial power, and by emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. It is this which makes them distinctively postcolonial. (2) In other words, colonized peoples tend to turn the reality of colonial history on its head by writing back to the imperial center from the empire. This transpires when indigenous peoples begin to write their own histories and literatures using the ex-colonizer’s language.
The particularity of Otsiemi’s fictional style is code-switching, a phenomenon which Haugan refers to as the “the alternate use of two languages, including everything from the introduction of a single unassimilated word up to a complete sentence or more into the context of another language” (cited in Omole, 58). In his attempt to transpose the speech mannerisms of Gabonese people into the French language, the novelist has recourse to a variety of linguistic codes. There is no gainsaying the fact that La vie est un sale boulot harbors an amalgam of codes—French, English, and indigenous language lexes. It is a novel in which street-talk and slang blend freely with conventional French to produce an exhilirating new code. Arguing along similar lines, Zabus observes that the “Europhone African novel is best described as a hybrid product which is looking “inward” into African orature and literature and “outward” to imported literary traditions”(4) as seen in the following excerpt: “Il a deux gosses. Et sa meuf, elle est en cloque. Ce n’est pas avec son boulot de merde qu’il arrive à les nourrir. Il est obligé de faire un peu de bizness pour arrondir les fins de mois.”(47)[He’s got two kids. And his girlfriend has a bun in the oven. It’s not with that shitty job of his that he’s going to feed them. He has to do some business to make ends meet.] In his attempt to transpose the speech patterns of members of a particular social stratum in Gabon, the novelist switches codes when he deems it necessary. Notice that the word ‘bizness’ is a calque[3] on the English language lexeme ‘business’. Code-switching enables this novelist to transpose loanwords culled from native Gabonese languages into the Standard French in which the novel is written.
La vie est un sale boulot reads like literature of dissent in which the author adopts an anti-establishment attitude as the following excerpt suggests: “Sur indication d’Ozone, Chicano fit un demi-cercle devant le grand bȃtiment à deux niveaux sur lequel flottait le flanion de la République bananière du Gabon.”(53)[As indicated by Ozone, Chicano made a semi-circle in front of the tall two-story building on which flew the flag of the Banana Republic of Gabon.] This statement is an undisguised lampoon on the dysfunctional Gabonese government and the ineptitude of civil servants in this country. By branding Gabon ‘a banana republic’ Otsiemi registers his disenchantment with the status quo in this sub-Saharan African nation-state.
In his attempt to Africanize his novel, Otsiemi deconstructs the French language in a bid to not only achieve cultural revival but also to stave off linguistic imperialism. The technique that makes linguistic indigenization feasible in this novel is semantic shift, a technique that enables the novelist to endow well-known words with new significations as seen in the following excerpt: “La chasse aux jeunes pubères, il en avait fait son second métier.Il en avait mal engrossé dans la ville, et en avait fait ses deuxièmes bureaux. Et des deuxièmes bureaux de ce genre, il en avait pêle-mêle.”(58)[Chasing after pubescent girls had become his second job. He had impregnated quite a few in the city and had made some his concubines. He had tons of concubines of this nature.] It should be noted that the expression deuxième bureau has lost its original meaning of “second office”in Otsiemi’s text and has acquired a new semantic signification. In this context, these two words are used together to describe a mistress.
Otsiemi de-foreignizes his text by employing Africanisms[4] as follows: “Fervent traditionaliste initié au Bwiti comme d’autres peuvent être de fervents chrétiens, Tchicot comptait passer le restant de ses jours dans son village natal, à plus de 600 kilomètres de Libreville.”(101)[Fervent traditionalist initiated into the Bwiti just as others could be fervent believers initiated into the Christian faith,Tchicot had hoped to spend the rest of his life in his native village situated 600 kilometers from Libreville.] Conscious of the fact that recourse to Africanisms such as “Bwiti” may constitute a comprehension bottle-neck to non-African readers, the novelist resorts to para-textual elucidation. In a footnote he sheds light on the signification of the lexeme “Bwiti” as follows: “Société secrète traditionnelle” which could be translated into English as “traditional secret society”. Otsiemi’s Africanization of French is evident in many ways throughout the text but the most conspicuous manifestation of this writing style is the incorporation of cultural artifacts in his narrative as this passage indicates: “Tchicot croqua une tranche de sa kola rouge qu’il gardait jalousement dans l’un des tirroirs de son bureau.”(100)[Tchicot chewed a lobe of red kola-nut which he kept jealously in one of the drawers of his desk.] In a footnote, the novelist sheds light on the signification of the word ‘kola’ as follows: “fruits du colatier” [fruit of the kola nut tree.] This pithy definition may not unravel the conundrum for readers unfamiliar with this exotic tree.
A more explicit footnote would be helpful to uninformed readers: The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus of trees that are native to the tropical rain forests of Africa. The kola nut has a bitter flavor and contains caffeine. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in group settings. It is often used ceremonially, presented to chiefs or guests. These socio-cultural aspects of La vie est un sale boulot may align the text with many other African texts that belong in the category of ethnographic novels. Another cultural element that gives this novel an ethnographic appeal is the word “yamba” as used in the following excerpt: “Mohamed était un dealer de yamba à la petite semaine. Koumba lui offrait sa protection contre trente pour cent de son petit commerce” (102) [Mohamed was a dealer in Yamba during the early part of the week. Koumba offered him protection and received thirty percent of his sales as compensation.] It should be noted that this passage is Otsiemi’s denunciation of the corrupt practices of the forces of law and order in Gabon given that Koumba is a police-officer in the novel. In a footnote, Otsiemi provides a translation for the word yamba: cannabis. The word dealer is another instance of recourse to loan-words in the novel.
The foregoing discourse lends credence to the observation that La vie est un sale boulot is a jumble of French and African language lexes as revealed in the examples above. Otsiemi has superposed two apparently irreconcilable sets of linguistic elements in his narrative—foreign and indigenous, which in vivo have remained distinct; he has indigenized the French language, thereby redefining and subverting its foreigness, as Zabus would have it(4).This new indigenized medium takes the ex-colonizer’s language hostage as seen in this excerpt: “Owoula ravala sa bile et lui serra l’os après s’être présenté” (87) [Owoula swallowed back his bile and squeezed his bone.] Notice the indigenization of the French expression “serrer l’os”. In a foot, Otsiemi notes as that “serrer l’os à quelqu’un” means “lui serrer la main” [squeeze someone’s bone: shake his hand]
Another indigenizing trope that Ortiemi employs abundantly in his novel is neologism. Neology enables the novelist to find words that convey the mindset and worldview of his characters as seen in the following excerpt: "Il te fera jobber comme un dingue pour un salaire de paria sous prétexte qu’il te donne la bouffe en case." (48)[He will make you work like a lunatic for a pittance under the pretext that he gives you grub at home.]It should be noted that the verb « jobber » is a neologism calqued on the English language noun «job ». One other telling example is the following : «Vous me connaissez, les gars. J’ai jamais macroté un copain. »(66) [You know me, guys. I have never crooked a buddy.] Otsiemi’s newly minted word, macroté, derives from the standard French verb escroquer, which translates as «to dupe» in English.
In a nutshell, La vie est un sale boulot provides readers with an opportunity to read the kind of Africanized French that is spoken in the streets and neighborhoods in Gabon’s major cities such as Libreville. The text is replete with standard French words, slangs and indigenous language words and expressions that endow it with a reasonable dose of cultural authenticity. Semantic shifts characteristic of Frangabonais[5] enable Otsiemi to attribute his own meanings to existing French words. If up to a certain point, each postcolonial writer has to re-invent language, the situation of Francophone writers residing out of France is peculiar in that for them, French is an occasion for constant mutations and modifications. Engaged as he is in the jugglery of language, Otsiemi has elected to create his own language of fiction in a multilingual context affected by signs of diglossia. His fiction exists at the interface of French as a hegemonic language and its indigenized variant. Whether or not he has achieved the feat of decolonizing African literature remains a moot point. Much as we hail his success at enriching his novel with Africanisms and speech patterns characteristic of Gabonese parlance, we must not lose sight of the fact that La vie est un sale boulot is written entirely in French— a European language. In spite of the novelist’s impressive word-smiting evident throughout the novel, it is still an essentially French language text to which the reader is treated. For Otsiemi French is a necessary evil with which he has to come to terms. He seems to be in love with both French and his indigenous Gabonese mother tongue.
All in all, Otsiemi’s La vie est un sale boulot is a seminal novel that offers instructors and students of Francophone literature ample opportunities to embrace multilingualism/multiculturalism in the classroom setting. It is a well written work that I would highly recommend for inclusion in the General Education Core curricular reading list. The book is a breakthrough in innovative creative writing.
Works cited
Aschcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. Eds. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and
Practice in Post-colonial Literatures. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
Omole, James O. “Code-switching in Soyinka’s The Interpreters.” Eds. Epstein, L.
Edmund and Robert Kole. The Language of African Literature.Trenton :
Africa World Press, 1998.
Zabus, Chantal. The African Palimpsest: Indigenization of Language in the West African
Europhone Novel. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991.
About the author
Dr. Peter Wuteh Vakunta teaches French and Francophone literatures at the University of Indianapolis in the United States of America where he’s Chair of the Department of Modern Languages. He is author of several fictional and theoretical books in his discipline.
[1] The sociological novel, also known as the social problem (or social protest) novel, is a work of fiction in which a prevailing social problem is dramatized through its effect on characters in the novel.
[2] Exegesis is the critical explanation or interpretation of a text. Exegetic interpretation deals with a wide range of critical disciplines such as textual criticism, investigation into the history and origins of texts, the study of the historical and cultural backgrounds of authors, the nomenclature of text typologies as well as an analysis of grammatical and syntactical structures of texts.
[3] A calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation
[4] A feature of language or culture regarded as characteristically African
[5] Gabonese French
Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 06 December 2015 at 06:15 PM in Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Tori Shweet for Cameroon Pidgin English is a compendium of short stories written in Cameroonian creole, commonly called Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE). The grassfields of Cameroon serve as the nursery of these stories.The collection comprises animal trister tales, bird survival tales and human-interest stories.
In conformity with stendhalien ontological philosophy, this anthology of short stories is a mirror that reflects the folklore and mores of the ethnic groups that constitute the grassland region of Cameroon. It serves as a window to the worldview, mindset and value systems of the grafi.
Each story is an entity sufficient onto itself woven around a specific didactic theme.The stories deal with the diachronic and the synchronic; they create an anchor that links yesterday to today and today to tomorrow.These stories bridge the gap between the near and the far. In determining the order of presentation of the stories, the author has intentionally steered clear of chronology.Many readers will want to turn first to a story the title of which intrigues them the most. Whether you read the stories in the order in which they are presented or dart about as your fancy dictates, you will appreciate the narrative verve of this storyteller and sense the abundance of enjoyment that this book holds in store for you.
The didactic value of this book resides in its suitability to all age brackets. Elementary and High School students will cherish the narrative novelty that the book harbors. College and university students with an interest in African history and anthropology would find the collection invaluable. The uniqueness of this volume lies in its universal appeal— it delves into contemporaneous local and global issues—chemical dependency, AIDS pandemic, gun violence, moral crisis, culture of impunity, xenophobia, police brutality, bribery and corruption, abuse of power and more. More importantly, a few of the stories call into question the rationale behind certain time-honored African customs and traditions, namely rites of passage, arranged marriages, serial monogamy and sorcery.
The crafting of this book was motivated by the author’s keen interest in the preservation of indigenous literatures. It is his fervent hope that the publication of this book would meet this objective. We hope that Tori Shweet for Cameroon Pidgin English will be placed where the whole family can enjoy its contents; where guests can turn to it without let or hindrance.
Acknowledgement
My deep gratitude goes to Jean-Paul-Kouega whose seminal work on Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE) titled A Dictionary of Cameroon Pidgin English Usage, Pronunciation, Grammar and Vocabulary (2008) came in handy during the crafting of a glossary for this book. I am intellectually indebted to custodians of oral traditions in the village of Bamunka, especiall my beloved mother of blessed memory, Nah Monica Mbiayuh, story-teller par excellence, who narrated some of the tales included in this antholgy to me in the glowing light of the evening fire during my tender years.
I am also thankful to those literati who share my firm conviction that Cameroonian orature is in dire need of salvaging through the written word.Last but not least, I extend a hand of friendship to all Pidginophones in Cameroon and elsewhere in Africa, whose tenacity has kept them unfazed in the face of punny threats from linguistic terrorists hellbent on assassinating Pidgin English in Cameroon.
About the Author
Dr. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is professor of French and Francophone Literature at the University of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
Posted by Wuteh on Friday, 02 October 2015 at 03:30 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Poetry, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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This collection of poems celebrates the prowess of the Takembeng, a militant female secret society in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The poems address human rights violations, rape of democracy, misgovernment, and other forms of societal ills that plague post-colonial Cameroon. It is written in impeccable Standard English. The strength of the book resides in the vastness of the thematic terrain broached.
The Takumbeng, a female secret society in the Northwest Region, has played a critical role in changing the political landscape of Cameroon. The militancy of this group has empowered rural and urban women in their strife to ensure democratic governance and human rights protection under the regime of Paul Biya. It should be noted that Takumbeng has been in existence since the pre-colonial era but came into the limelight in the 1990s in the wake of political liberalization in Cameroon that ushered in a new dispensation, following the launch of the Social Democratic Front (SDF) on May 26, 1990. The group derives its name from the society of Princes in the Bafut fondom (Fonchingong and Tanga, 2007) but its members hail from the fondoms of Akum, Bafut, Bambui, Bambili, Kedjom Keku, Kedjom Ketinguh, Mendankwe, Chomba, Nkwen, and Santa. The strength of the Takumbeng resides in its numerical value and mobilization for the course of social justice. They became prominent at the time of Cameroon’s uneasy transition from unitary to multiparty politics in the early 90s (Takougang & Kieger, 1998).
There is no gainsaying the fact the Takumbeng and its precursors, the Anlu and Fombwen have contributed significantly to shaping the course of political activism in Cameroon. These valiant women have lent their voice to opposition parties’ demands for political freedoms in the country. The role of the Takumbeng in matters of social cohesion cannot be underestimated. The group functions as agents of ritualistic cleansing, enjoining women to refrain from of acts deprecation such as adultery, alcoholism, witchcraft, and gossip.
This secret society plays a role analogous to that played by male secret societies in the Grassfields of Cameroon such as Kwifon, Tifuan, Nwo and Ngwerung. Takumbeng uses occult powers to check excesses in the community. Their modus operandi of using nudity to cast aspersions on evildoers has been transformed into a powerful tool now used by women to press for political freedoms in Cameroon. Kah (2011) observes that “The display of nakedness of the African woman was and remains her expression of anger and outrage at both public injustice and private male viciousness” (73). The women utilize their bodies as combat tools; stripping themselves naked when threatened by authority figures. This is based on the belief that an exposed vagina is an ill omen in the Grassfields of Cameroon.
Kah (2011) notes that the symbolic power of the vagina was used by the Takumbeng to cow gun-toting soldiers in Bamenda into submission in the early 1990s following the re-introduction of multiparty politics in Cameroon. The militancy of the Takumbeng gained leverage during the Ghost Town operations or Villes Mortes in Cameroon initiated by opposition parties in a bid to force Paul Biya out of office. At that time, these women used their bodies as symbolic and metaphorical devices to subvert the dominant discourse of manipulation. The practice of undressing and exposing their nudity constitutes the magic wand employed adeptly by these women.
In general, the Takumbeng is composed of post-menopausal women believed to be immune to witchcraft, sorcery and effects of traditional medicine or megan. These women exert considerable influence on the community,and are sometimes capable of performing ritual roles that were, hitherto, denied them (Awasom, 2002). It must be underscored that during the current dispensation in Cameroon, the Takumbeng has metamorphosed from an indigenous secret society into a contemporary resistance group determined to put an end to political intransigence, abuse of human rights, economic doldrums and social asphyxiation. The political activism of the Takumbeng is comparable to the momentum gathered by the activities of other female resistance movements in Africa, such as the Aba riots of 1929 (Fonchingong and Tanga, 2007), the activities of Kenyan women involved in the Mau Mau war of liberation (1952-1957), the Pare Women’s resistance in Tanzania (Feierman, 1990) and the protest movement of women in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
The collective resolve of the Takumbeng and commitment to social justice are legacies that Cameroon owes this group of resilient women. The evolution of the Takumbeng from the status of a secret society to that of a resistance movement has yielded dividends for opposition parties in Cameroon given the unalloyed support that this group has lent to proponents of democratic governance and social purgation in Cameroon. The actions of the Takumbeng have engendered a culture of social protest and political consciousness in Cameroon.
In sum, the militancy of the Takumbeng has had economic, cultural, social and political ramifications for the New Deal in Cameroon. During the pro-democracy turbulence in Cameroon, the Takumbeng showed proof of women’s leadership capabilities by playing a myriad of roles—mobilization and raising awareness of the public through civil disobedience campaigns, lampooning acts of injustice through demonstrations, educating the masses on questions of human rights violations, monitoring the voting process and more. For all these reasons and more, this collection of poems is intended to be a celebration of the prowess of the Takumbeng, a sorority that has become a force to reckon with.
Notes: Takumbeng and Takembeng are orthographical variations of the same lexeme.
Posted by Wuteh on Friday, 14 August 2015 at 01:45 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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By Peter Vakunta, Ph.D
Termites everywhere in Ongola!
The makanana and ilk are termites.
Termites don’t build;
They're not bridge-builders;
They're grave-diggers of the nation.
They destroy; they annihilate.
That's the modus operandi of termites.
The folks at the helm in Ongola are termites!
Emasculators of the nation-state.
They’ve destroyed the national economy.
They thrive on sodomy!
They’ve destroyed the education system.
They have destroyed the judicial system.
They have destroyed our ecosystem,
They have destroyed the pride of the nation,
And rendered us a skeletal nation!
The oligarchy in Yaounde are termites,
The mbeng-mbeng kiri are termites
They have destroyed our nationhood,
They’ve destroyed our moral fiber.
They’ve destroyed the morale of workers.
The folks at the helm in Ongola are termites,
They eat like wolves;
And defecate like swine.
These termites have destroyed our self-confidence,
And rendered us beasts of no nation.
They’ve destroyed our self-worth.
They’re hard at work destroying
The legacy of our founding fathers.
Termites are in charge of our collective destiny.
Shall they make or mar?
It’s time for fumigation!
Posted by Wuteh on Tuesday, 07 July 2015 at 06:02 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Reviewer: Peter Vakunta, Ph.D.
Blot on the Landscape is Ngong’s lament for an abused environment. The poet uses poetic license to engage with issues relating to the intersection of poetry, politics and environmental activism as seen in the following excerpt: “I remember G.R.A./Buea, once so green and clean/now so brown and repulsive/thick with unsavory smells/and infectious diseases.”(3) The poet devotes several poems to the theme of eco-terrorism, a leitmotif that takes the form of a narrative metaphor and runs through the entire anthology: “The beautifully trimmed lawns/the gardens and their flowers/ that made me beam like a child/ each time I visited them/are now blots on the landscape.” (3)
Ngong can be described as an environmentally conscious poet whose consciousness stems from ecological literacy. The poet resorts to poetry as a medium to address sensitive questions related to eco-criticism and environmental advocacy. The title of the book itself raises serious ethical questions about the deleterious impact of human activities on biodiversity and the ecosystem. The title crystalizes a vexing issue that pre-occupies the poet, namely environmental abuse. Having highlighted the imminent danger that faces humans and non-human species, the poet turns the spotlight on the imminent apocalypse that awaits humanity if nothing is done to halt the ecological carnage: “The garbage bags are full/and crows sing above us/ their beaks red with booty/The dirt and filth of fear/thrash us through thin and thick/thinning down our thin lives/ lingering in the cold/at the edge of collapse.”(4) The worrisome specter of an apocalypse is preempted in the following verses: “Livestock and dogs drop dead/ in sunbaked villages / Savage beasts kneel over/ crumple and come to dust in the measureless wild.”(24) Notice that the poet has recourse to the metaphor of the dry season in a bid to underscore the callousness of heart associated with folks at the helm in his native land: “The prima donna here/ gargantuan corrupt flesh/ does not acknowledge you/nor the vermilion tears/burning your roasted cheeks/It is your dry season.”(23)
A myriad of environmental issues constitute the crux of the discourse in Blot on the Landscape, not least of which is eco-terrorism: “Leave me the ravished landscape/the flora and fauna/ brutalized day in day out/by hunters and lumberjack/to keep body and soul warm/My heart is split between them and our scarce ecosystem/faced with total destruction.”(41) This book of poems portrays human beings as eco-terrorists. The poet does not simply label human beings as environmental despoilers, he enumerates the acts of terrorism that man exerts on the natural environment—air pollution: “The smell of dead livestock/drives the rich to wear masks,” (4); “The stomach-turning smell/compels the lungs to scream,”(6); deforestation: “…floods devastate our homes/and bush fires fell forests”(1);ozone depletion: “Pollution everywhere/has knocked holes in the lungs/of the ozone layer/our last hope of living,”(11) and water pollution: “… if we emptied our bowels there/ or dumped carcasses in the stream.”(30)
It is remarkable that Ngong resorts to anthropomorphism as a stylistic trope to drive home his point as the following excerpt shows:” The sick city wakes with mist in her eyes.”(5) The stylistic device of anthropomorphism enables the poet to attribute human qualities and motivations to non-humans as the following citation illustrates: “The sun rises slowly/creeps across the pale sky/and then clenches its hot fists/to strike the head of the earth.”(5) By having recourse to the technique of personification, the poet succeeds in painting the portrait of a country in a state of putrefaction: “Breathing with difficulty/ in the tight embrace of dung/the spokesman of dirty dogs/ lies silent in his vomit.” (7) This book of poems passes for political satire. The poet satirizes the status quo in his land of birth: “If the mouthpiece of carrion/looks carefully around him/ with the eyes of Romeo/ he will see the land in waste/and feel the itch of decay.”(7) Irony is another trenchant weapon wielded with dexterity by the poet logged in an endless vendetta against a government that has degerated into physical and psychological decay: “We live where refuse is wine/in the heart of the nation/ where mucus and afterbirth/are fresh as daisy.”(7) This sort of irony is situational. It alludes to instances where events do not turn out as they were expected to be and emphasizes the incongruity between some expectations or beliefs and the reality of a situation. In the example above, there is remarkable incongruity between man’s psychological bliss in the mist of physical malaise. Notice the poet’s predilection for scatology in his bleak portrayal of a country that has become uninhabitable: “You always flash a broad smile/ willing to have fun on dung/ like maggots in a dead dog.”(7) In this light, the poet poses an ontological question that is intended to be rhetorical: “Why must my life be dung/because of my birthplace?”(11)
In Blot on the Landscape, the poet poeticizes the ferociousness that man’s dogs of war have unleashed on our fragile planet. This warfare is both real and symbolic. In these poems warfare is portrayed largely as a result of human beings’ nonchalant attitude toward Mother Earth. The fierce war waged against the planet leaves it deprived of thousands of species: “Factories churn out lethal smoke/my flesh crawls with wire worms/in the height of pollution/I cannot have a field day/in the backyard of slovens.”(78) This book of poems is also a rap on chemical warfare as the following excerpt indicates: “People who set out to live/to make life worthwhile living/ in a world worn down by wars… are not better than the dead.”77) Having highlighted the havoc that wars wreak on human lives, the poet dwells on the nefarious impact of drones on the environment: “…the forgotten toothless poor/and the drunken drones who run/ over protesting voices/and drive over their bodies.”(77) Ngong focuses on man’s symbolic warfare against Planet Earth. He desires to call the reader’s attention to the fact that warfare and its concomitant outcomes can have undesirable consequences on both natural and built environments.
Blot on the Landscape is a clarion call to all and sundry to take action against ecological spoliation: “Dog days will kill us unless we stand up/against both blue funk/and bloody beasts/ tearing our hearts out for more leaves to fall.”(26) By the power of poetic verve, the poet raves against environmental abuse; he chastises governmental officials for dereliction of duty in environmental protection matters. By this token, Ngong’s poetry could be characterized as protest poetry par excellence. The thing that irks this poet the most is prevarication and outright lies that have become the trade-mark of the powers-that-be in his native land: “Leave me a place my beloved/on the cushion of your heart/ where I can lie down and rest/when tongues yellowed from decay/ drive me crazy with their lies.”(50) Desperate for a solution to the aforementioned problems, the poet seeks solace in magical realism as the following excerpt seems to suggest: “Before we ceased to be anything/ we could ride on the wings of a storm…/ we spent much time searching between cracks/scorpions and other poisonous bugs/ to keep our offspring from dying young.”(51)
The poet is strong in his conviction that poetry is not social dead wood. Poets reserve the right to adjudicate over the affairs of the world. That is why in the poem titled “Time to Clean” (77), the poet describes those who sit on the fence as dead wood. As he puts it, “People who set out to live/ to make life worthwhile living/ in a world worn down by wars/ but are at ease not speaking/ in the face of oppression/ the blot on our landscape/ are not better than the dead.”(77) The poet calls a spade a spade; he couldn’t care less whose ox is gored. He remains unfazed by police and military brutality: “…the drunken drones who run/ over protesting voices/and drive over their bodies.”(77) There is no gainsaying the fact the Ngong uses poetry as a cannon to fire ammo at corrupt regimes in Africa in a bid to “…bring to light the bright green/ face of a brutalized land/ and a corrupted landscape.”(77)
This poetic anthology is captivating in many respects but the feature that distinguishes it from the works of other poets is the poet’s impressive choice of poetic devices. Ngong’s choice of a metaphor, the “blot on the landscape” as a leitmotif is germane to the themes discussed in all forty–two poems in the anthology. By choosing this metaphoric medium of expression, the poet is able to create a nexus between physical and psychological pollution in Cameroon. Similes or poetically generated synonyms permeate Ngong’s poetry as seen in the following excerpts: “I can call to mind/ the very last time/ I laughed like the moon.”(69); and “I stared at it lame and felt rage well up /inside me like rain…” (55) Other poetic devices used with noticeable dexterity in these poems include personification: “At the drop of the hat/ the overburdened sky/emptied its large bladder/on the bald head of the earth.” (44) The poet frequently resorts to satire as a versification device: “The blood on their laps/reminds me of vamps, /torture and abuse.”(22) The technique of reduplication is used effectively by the poet throughout the anthology to underscore intensity: “It rained and rained hard” (44) and “Stretches of green here and there/ sometimes very very thick.”(54) The device of narrative reduplication permeates the anthology as seen in the following excerpt: “Storm on, storm on wild wind/ for darkness to tremble.”(66)
In sum, Blot on the Landscape is the poet’s lamentation for the ecological holocaust that seems imminent in Cameroon. In forty-two well-crafted poems, Ngong opens a can of worms on the environmental time-bomb on which Cameroonians are poised today. Written in impeccable English, this anthology of poems is suitable for all age groups. The subject matter—environmental sustainability—is a theme of global interest in contemporary society. This book is a masterpiece that should be read by environmental activists, students and instructors of environmental education as well as environmental scientists and political role-players all over the world.
About the reviewer
Dr. Peter Vakunta is a prolific writer with over forty works on literary theory and fiction under his belt. He teaches in the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Indianapolis in the United States of America.
Posted by Wuteh on Monday, 01 June 2015 at 12:41 AM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Poetry has the potential to serve as a double-edged weapon. In Stream of Consciousness: Poetics of the Universal, Vakunta stirs the hornet’s nest, calls a spade a spade and throws gibes at emasculators of social justice. Vakunta refuses to sit on the fence and watch the world go by.Strong in the conviction that poets must adjudicate upon the affairs of men, the poet picks up the cudgels to do battle with forces of evil the world over. He gives to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s.Widely traveled and seasoned by his worldly experience, the poet serves the reader with a bitter-sweet menu analogous with the ontological labyrinth to which he has been exposed in the course of his peregrinations around the globe. In this anthology of poems spanning a quarter century, Vakunta bemoans the fate of a world where miscreants pass for holier-than-thou; wherein scoundrels speak for the voiceless; and mammon dines with servants of God. The portrait painted in this book is that of a world where moral bankrupts proceed with nauseating impunity to trample on the rights of lesser beings. Stream of Consciousness: Poetics of the Universal is the poet’s loud cry against the reign of impunity and the endemic moral crisis that has become the canker of this blighted planet.
On perusing ''Stream of Consciousness: Poetics of the Universal '' by Peter Wuteh Vakunta, one is struck by the eclectic and englobing nature of themes broached. Vakunta’s poetry is both a transversal and longitudinal dissection of our world. The poet assumes the posture of a divinity casting interrogative glances at the deeds of humans. Not a single terrestrial creature evades his prying eyes. Even the most subtle creatures on Planet Earth are scathed by the poet’s effusion of vitriolic emotions. The poet pursues evil-doers right into their graves. Even in their death throes, he continues to deal them fatal blows. Armed with a caustic pen, this chronicler does not sit on the fence and watch events transpire. Instead, he speaks for the downtrodden of all races and social strata: black, white, yellow, Papuan, Andalusian, wretched, opulent. This adds grist to the title of the book. The poet distances himself from the rigor of Kant and the moralism of La Rochefoucauld. Weary of hearing the voices of humans in distress, he paints the portrait of another kind of Humanity. Vakunta’s poetry celebrates the harmonious cohabitation of verbal sophistry with the power of the word. [Tamegnon Demagbo, University of Indianapolis, United States of America]
About the author
Dr. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is translator, novelist, poet, storyteller and literary critic. He is a prolific writer with over 40 books to his credit. His seminal works include: Lion Man and Other Stories (2005), No Love Lost (2008), Grassfields Stories from Cameroon (2008), Indigenization of Language in the African Francophone Novel: A New Literary Canon (2011), A Nation at Risk: A Person Narrative of the Cameroonian Crisis(2012), The Life and Times of a Cameroonian Icon: Tribute to Lapiro de Mbanga (2014), Camfranglais: The Making of a New Language in Cameroonian Literature (2014). Dr. Vakunta is current Chair of the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Indianapolis, USA.
Posted by Wuteh on Friday, 29 May 2015 at 01:54 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Poems from Abakwa in Cameroon Pidgin English is the poet’s attempt at capturing in print the speech mannerisms of the proverbial man in the street in Cameroon. Pidgin English, also called Cameroonian Creole, is a lingua franca spoken throughout the national territory of Cameroon and beyond. Of the 200-odd languages that Cameroonians speak, only Pidgin enjoys the rare privilege of being spoken by people from all social strata and ethnic groups. Mbangwana (1983) lends credence to the importance of Pidgin English as a lingua franca in Cameroon as follows:"Pidgin English is very crucial as a communication bridge, for it links an Anglophone to a Francophone. It also links an Anglophone to another Anglophone, an educated Cameroonian to another educated one, a non-educated Cameroonian to another non-educated one, and more importantly an educated Cameroonian to a non-educated one"(87).
Ayafor (2005) recognizes the importance of Pidgin English in language planning in Cameroon when he underscores “the role of Pidgin English as a linguistic bridge between the two linguistic communities both in official and private domains” (128). He further notes that Pidgin English is not only the most widespread variety of English but it is the only language in Cameroon with the pragmatic ability to function as a contact language for all linguistic groups.
Pidgin has acquired the status of an independent language in Cameroon.It is no longer restricted to small talk, business and music; it is now the language of Anglophone Cameroonian literature. Francis Njamnjoh, Patrice Nganang, Mongo Beti, Peter Vakunta and Gabriel Fonkou to name but a few,tend to imbue their literary works with Pidgin English and Camfranglais, the language that Mercedes Fouda calls ‘le camerounais’(2001).These creative writers constantly resort to pidginization as a mode of linguistic and cultural appropriation.
This anthology is inspired by the poet’s desire to salvage a language that has been subjected to denigration on account of its being non-standardized.Pidgin English translates not only the worldview of Cameroonians but also their sensbilities and lived experiences.Well educated Cameroonians now resort to Pidgin English for the purpose of phatic communion in informal contexts. To put this differently, they use Pidgin in order to ensure group solidarity and to reinforce a sense of belonging.Although for a long time, Pidgin has survived as a lingo used mostly by the uneducated and semi-literate, this mixed language has now gained currency among the educated in Cameroon. It is important, I believe, to conceive of language mixing as an attempt to make language respond more realistically to the prevailing circumstances under which discourse takes place. Pidginization is no longer equated with imperfectly learned English. Pidgin English has become the mother tongue of children born to parents from different ethnic/linguistic backgrounds.
Poems from Abakwa in Cameroon Pidgin English is one patriotic rage. An anthology of sorts, this book of poems contains wisdom, inspirational reflections and witticisms for all. Through apt descriptions, ilustrations, dialogues, interrogations and incisive phraseology, Peter Wuteh Vakunta creates an effective balance of colorful images that traces and documents disturbing accounts and evidences of corruption, greed, skewed values and life experiences that have assaulted his fatherland, betrayed political leaders and institutions, court judges, and parliamentarians as the police-cum-military continue to put their ambitions above the country’s needs while forsaking future leaders—children. Vakunta describes how civil servants represent selfish interests and aspirations. Judges are intimidated as the nation’s laws continue to be transgressed. The police and military continue to abuse the trust invested in them by civilians and misdirect their patriotism while virtually the entire nation continues to live shaky lives with a punctured integrity. Vakunta does this in popular lingos commonly used by musicians, businessfolks, and the common man under several labels—Pidgin English, Camfranglais, Cam-tok, Camspeak, Majunga tok … [Dr. Fidelis Achenjang, Union College, USA]
Posted by Wuteh on Friday, 29 May 2015 at 01:39 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Takumbeng,
Women of steel; women of valor,
Fire-splitting females unfazed by Mbiayaism[1],
You refuse to be cowed into submission
By the gestapo of LRC[2]
Takumbeng,
Female dare-devils
In whose unyielding hands
Scatology and nudity serve as lethal ammo
Against emasculators of social justice.
Takumbeng,
Women of age, women of candor,
When the hawks came after Titabet[3]
You stood hands akimbo and refused
To budge in the face of intimidation, beatings and rape.
Takumbeng,
Sorority of the post-menopausals,
Whose might astounded the world
In the 1990’s in Abakwa during
The wee hours of demo-craziness in Ongola.
Takumbeng,
Backbone of the Social Democratic Front
Harbinger of political liberalism.
You stood firm when the SDF
Saw the light of day at Ntarikon on May 26.
Angered by the demise of six young Abakwans,
Unperturbed by the heavy handed attempts
To abort the event by forces from LRC,
You counter-attacked
With brimstone and venom.
True to yourselves,
You’ve remained the backbone
Of the opposition in Nooremac[4],
Stimulating militancy and adding beef
To the democratic bare bones in Ongola.
Takumbeng—a string of nomenclature—
Takembeng, Akeeken, Tamanjong—
Offspring of many fondoms in graffi land—
Bafut, Bambili, Kedjom Keku, Kedjom Ketinguh,
Mendankwe, Chomba, Mbatu, Nkwen, Santa.
Takumbeng— life-blood of womenfolk,
Entrusted with a myriad of duties—
Purification, exorcism, social justice,
Communalism, decision-making, mediation,
Cleansing, funeral rites, social pacification,
And communion with Kwifon.
Takumbeng,
A formidable force to reckon with—
Endowed with mystical prowess.
Avant-garde of the infamous Villes Mortes,[5]
Takumbeng lives in the hindsight of Abakwa citizenry.
Takumbeng,
Indefatigable women whose
Role in the civil disobedience
Is no sinecure at all,
You blocked the flow of goods
And foodstuff to the cities.
Large blades of grass
In the mouth of the Takumbeng
Symbolise “no talk but action”
The nkeng, dracaena plant,
Symbol of peace in graffi land.
Another lethal weapon
In the hands of the Takumbeng,
Celebrated for nocturnal rituals,
Symbol of womanhood,
Incarnation of occultism.
Takumbeng,
Queens of the earth,
And architects of life,
By virtue of procreation,
Takumbeng is no trifling matter.
Takumbeng,
Indigenous secret society,
Metamorphosed into a militant group.
To counter male chauvinism,
Abuse and misgovernment.
Takumbeng transcends ethnic frontiers.
Agents of ritualistic cleansing,
Nocturnal witchdoctors,
Purveyors of ominous signs,
You ensure social cohesion.
Takumbeng,
Your agenda includes rallying
Womenfolk for communal labor.
Your resolve to right
The wrongs of society is a creed.
Takumbeng's nudity is far being
A sign of vulnerability,
Rather it’s fortitude ,
Queens of the earth.
Hail Takumbeng!
Takumbeng,
Architects of life.
Your resolve to protect humanity,
By virtue of womanhood,
Admirable affront aimed at evil-doers.
Even more laudable is your use of
Traditional symbolic rituals,
Mystic powers and shaming as combat tools.
Recourse to symbolism
Is extra ammunition to your stock in trade.
The exposed vagina,
Harbinger of ill-omen,
The exposed bare breast,
Another lethal weapon,
The whistle a rallying call for war.
Awe-inspiring ululations,
Formidable bulwark against
Forces of oppression.
Bodies adorned with
Macabre paraphernalia—
Torn male dresses, dry banana leaves,
Fresh creeping plants, charcoal,
Wood ash and dry grass knots,
All means of desecration
In the hands of Takumbeng.
Takumbeng take matters
Seriously when despised,
Performing mock burials,
That send cold shivers down the spines of victims
Who take to their heels Or drop dead!
© Peter Vakunta 2015
Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 05 April 2015 at 07:21 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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By Martin Eyong Tabe
IRIC ADMISSION SCANDAL AND THE YAOUNDE REGIME
……..President Biya intervening in the matter simply confirms the spirit of Nicolas Machiavelli, the father of all lies and deceit in leadership. This entails someone creating a problem in the back ground and allowing the problem to inflict untold suffering on the masses for a very long time and the creator of the problem later comes up with a solution and he is hailed like a god……It’s a shame that Cameroonians call for Profs Fame Ndongo and Tabi to resign when the actual architect of the regime is the Head of State? It’s worth asking if the presidency is situated in Yaounde or in Switzerland. Is there a difference between president Biya and Mr. Biya? It’s surprising the president Biya is on a private visit out of the country yet he acts in official capacity at the same time and no one seems to bother or mention it anywhere. Instead, Cameroonians hail him for intervening in the IRIC matter although an extra name was added to the existing scandalous extra lists. It’s such a big shame.
This is not the first time such scandals have rocked our infamous institutions of state:
1) In 2001-2003, National Advanced School of Posts and Telecommunications Yaounde under a certain Paul Nji Tumasang now SDF Member of Parliament for Santa. Prof Gervais Mendo Ze came up with a list of 7 people who never wrote the exam. This list came up 40 days into the school year, people who never wrote the exam in the first place. Tumasang outrightly rejected the list. Prof Mendo Ze later sent the same list under the tutelage of the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications Maximin Kwe Kongo, threatening Tumasang of his director post and after a long stand-off, Tumasang ceded and Mendo Ze’s cousins from CRTV found their way into the school without ever sitting for the entrance exam.
2) 2006- University of Buea faculty of Medicine under Prof Lambi. This scandal heightened the atrocities of this regime. After the publication of the list of successful candidates, Prof Fame Ndongo came up with another list that included many students who did not even sit for the exams yet these students were declared admissible into the Buea faculty of Medicine. Prof Lambi mounted stiff resistance against Fame Ndongo and the private press joined in denouncing the scandal. Intense pressure from the Yaounde masters caused a university strike that lead to the death of 3 people including 2 post graduate students, one of them was a certain AMBUER from Ekona town. 9 years today no one has been held convicted of the killings in cold blood. No one even knows who gave the orders to shoot unarmed civilians in the Buea strike as is the case in America today, under the distinguished patronage of the black baboon from Kenya. . The then South West Governor was a certain Ejake Mbonda who invoked the obnoxious Louis 14 French declaration…l’etat c’est moi”. Like the February 2008 killings, the culprits got away with the murder. When it became clear that Lambi could not win the case against the Yaounde barons, the former had to go on his knees and beg in a live CRTV telecast in a bid to save his seat but the die had already been cast. As though that was not enough, Lambi was fired and to further humiliate him, he was retained in the same institution and given a small cave in amphi 750 so that he could be destroyed psychologically. Once again, Fame Ndongo got away with it.
3) IRIC SCANDAL FEBRUARY 2015 UNDER PROF TABI. IRIC has been shrouded with a lot of secrecy, mystery and mysticism over the years. Most of the diplomacy students come from the ruling tribe and the common man can only stand and glance the institution from afar though it is situated at a populated Anglophone neighbourhood in Yaounde. The first list of 15 candidates was published February 27th and a few days later, yet another list was published, this time by Fame Ndongo with some names of the first list removed like the second name, NTI ESTELL NADIA which did not appear in the second list and a waiting list of 7 people. The publication of the second list sparked a lot of commotion on the internet and within the ranks of the private press who took turns to denounce such a scandalous atrocity. Thanks to the private media, pressure mounted and Fame Ndongo took the podium to disgrace himself, citing the infamous 1982 regional balance as the reason behind his act. Criticism heightened and president Biya had to intervene, ordering the 7 candidates on the waiting list to be included in the final list. A total of 3 lists were published for a single exam.
Motions of praise and of support were sung to president Biya. The curiosity that was ignored or omitted by Cameroonians is the fact that there was a mystery name added to the list bringing the total to 22 admitted students for the first time in history. So who is this mystery person? (15+7+1=22). Mal practices in public exams in not a new thing in Cameroon. Examples of people who NEVER SAT for ENAM entrance yet are civil servants in today’s administration are legion. Talk less of those who made the written part but could not bribe their way through the orals. Or do you want to mention sexually transmitted admissions and successes in our institutions? Of late, married women are preferred in ENAM for satanic reasons so the devils kingdom continues to gain strength in our beloved fatherland. (Initiation rituals during military training). A certain culprit who was investigated for several counts for the theft and liquidation of ORANGE airtime is today a State Counsel in Fako. The case was investigated by notorious MEFIRE Pefaqueu Roger. Thank God he is still alive so anyone who doubts can challenge me by contacting him. I do not want to talk about regional balance. That should be an argument for another day but let me give you an anecdote. A certain A has 16/20 but must forfeit his seat for a certain B with 10/20 or even less because of regional balance. Well, thanks to this we have the mediocrity we see around. Regional balance simply means that there is no meritocracy at all.
Let’s not be blinded by emotion and miss the substance. If after these repeated malpractices the culprits seem to get away with it then who is to blame? Since the 2006 University of Buea scandal Fame Ndongo is still in office so who is to blame? President Biya is the brain behind this system and if after all these atrocities, the culprits get away with it then Biya is to blame. If you side with a thief then you are equally guilty of the crime. Rather than calling for Fame Ndongo and co to resign, let’s be courageous enough to call for the entire Biya government to resign because his New Deal CPDM regime has simply flopped, failed to deliver the goods or meet the aspirations of the people.
The same argument goes for the fight against corruption. President BIYA has no intention of fighting corruption. The few under arrest are those who have fallen out of political favour with the regime, who have challenged the seat of the Head of State or who have simply been scapegoats. The Director General of Customs Minette Libong transferred 9 billion CFA to her children abroad but she remains a free woman till date. If she transferred that much to her children, how much does she herself have? It’s worth guessing. Though she is due retirement and had made her send off party, she was confirmed on her post, yet Paul Eric kingue was given a life jail sentence for misappropriating 10 million francs. Yet Cameroonians rejoice when spectacular arrests are made to divert attention of the masses when corruption remains the order of the day in our society.
Principal Police commissioner DINA ESSOKA HELEN was suspended for 3 months and has had no salary since June 2014 for honestly investigating into the theft of 2,800 hectares of Fako land which has been baptized as the FAKO LAND CALAMITY. Big mouthed CHARLIE NDI CHIA was bold enough to publish in front page that the governor was at the centre of the land grabbing scam. It’s so strange how BAKWERI MONKEYS under the blessings of MAFANY MUSONGE with swollen jaws can stand by and watch their native land being torn apart by hoodlums. Sure he doesn’t want to jeopardize his political ambition. He thought he will be Senate president. He even renovated his house and bought drinks in anticipation. We all know the result. He is surely nursing his Constitutional Council ambition now though he is not a lawyer. Well what does it matter in Cameroon? If an ex convict like ATANGA NJI Paul with no background in security matters can head the national Security Council then Musonge with a bigger CV is more qualified to be in the constitutional Council, that’s Cameroon for you.
The south west has always been a no man’s land…south west puppets. If CONAC is anything to go by then MEBE NGO’O, RENE SADI, EKEMA PATRICK, OKALIA BILAI, CHIBILI MAUREEN, ZANG 3 and the BUEA BISHOP should be rotting in jail by now, not leaving out all the FAKO CHIEFS who have connived with the administration to rid the Fako indigenes of their land. It’s so interesting how NJOH LITUMBE single handedly sued Cameroon government in the Gambia under the Bakweri Lands claims committee and today every monkey from Bakweri fence wants to become chief, whether he inherited the right or not, of cause in complicity with the administration since chieftaincy in the SOUTH WEST is no longer hereditary but is now for sale by the highest bidder. LITUMBE received stiff opposition from his kin since he had SCNC affiliation but here we are today. Fako land has become gold and everyone wants to become chief, every village with 5 hits and 3 inhabitants is chiefdom. To get a chief’s attestation in Buea now costs upwards of 200,000 FRS tax free and the amounts are not regulated by any government text.
Readers will be surprised that the Bishop (acting in proxy by his able “intercessor” lieutenant) is also part of the scam. The Buea diocese with the help of the Buea State counsel have used all unorthodox means to procure vast amounts of land in God’s name. the height of the catholic land grabbing saga lead to the death of Molyko chief JOKE who died mysteriously in his Molyko neighbourhood, a wretched taxi driver who rose from grass to grace through the confiscation of the indigenes land and selling it to the Catholic mission. The intercessor spearheaded of the shady deal and the procurement procedure was illegal and the intercessor in cassock received a bashing in a brawl over a girl friend from a one-time municipal administrator who told him in the face that he IS NOT a man of God. Yes, puppets will quickly come to the defense by quoting the famous… touch not my anointed…….balderdash. Question is, who is anointed? A man whose entire life is
mired with all kinds of repeated scandals and immorality, children here and there, affairs with all kinds of women including married women and even lesbians yet someone will dare call him anointed? Two years now and no work is going on in the Molyko Cathedral sight, the priest in charge of the funds siphoned hundreds of millions and got away with it and the famous 200 million CFA scandal that disappeared from the Bishop’s house with the intercessor as prime suspect. Yet someone would dare call him anointed.
The catholic land grabbing saga in Fako is done with the support of the Buea State Counsel perhaps as a way to pay for her since but sorry, God is not a respecter of persons and all that doesn’t count. I would like to mention a few actions of this individual. A certain chief Njombe of Lysoka single handedly diverted 40 hectares of Lysoka land that was destined for the indigenes and till that, the case against him has not seen the light of day thanks to the complicity with Buea State Counsel. Doubting Thomas’ can verify with the Lysoka natives. A certain TITA KEVIN (one of his names though), a renowned scammer who brought in more than 1 Billion from abroad and was tried and jailed is now a free man thanks to the complicity with the State Counsel. Tita Kevin regained his stay abroad after a few years in jail and is now a free man. No one needs to know that money changed hands with the State counsel. CHARLIE NDI CHIA of The Post newspaper covered the story extensively. Anyone who doubts can challenge me by verifying with the former in Buea (his number 677 235 530) for I am sure he has copies in his archive.
Needless mentioning that the ex husband of the State Counsel was involved in a multimillion francs embezzlement scandal in BICEC Buea but with the help of his wife, the Buea State Counsel, he was released and travelled to the USA where he is now happily married with children. And she has got away with all these. She was even promoted and confirmed on her seat, a seat she has occupied for about 10 years now. Who is her God father? Mafany Musonge. Yet people will claim that president Biya is fighting corruption.
All the BANDITS of the Fako land theft are known. First on the list is:
1). EDGARD ALAIN MEBE NGO’O with his puppet relative ZANG 3 (SDO FAKO). (A manipulation was done to replace BONA EBENGUE with Zang 3 in the mid night because the latter had to do the dirty job in favour of Mebe Ngo’o. Zang 3 was in charge of all the money that all the south west councils contributed for the reunification celebration apart from the 35 billion cheque offered by the Government and what national companies and business men contributed for the event, hundreds of millions that have never been accounted for till date yet he remains a free man, thanks to his god father mentioned above.
2). RENE SADI acting under his puppet relative OKALIA BILAI (SW Governor) (governor owns hectares of land in Buea and Limbe, has many hectares in Sokolo Limbe where Chariot group is building his 4 storey building hotel. Though Okalia Bilai has been due retirement for 4 years now and with all the scandals in the reunification celebration, the gentleman is comfortably in office and was even confirmed in office during the last shake up….god fatherism.
3). EKEMA PATRIC ESUNGE ( Buea Mayor) who has sold lots of lands in Buea including State land around the Buea stadium, the new GCE board and even part of Buea University land. Man lives in affluence; BMW American series 700, Mercedes 500, Land Cruiser America Sequoia V8, all in one year in office. Man raised building permits by extra 75,000 CFA in complicity with the SDO, partners in crime. He diverted some Muea and Mile 16 reunification roads to Bakweri wilderness. Man won the admiration of many locals by started his tenure on a high note by challenging administrative bureaucracy by civil administrators but it took less than one year for him to show his true colours. As unpopular as he is the Buea mayor won the best mayor award in some moronic Bamenda event, what a shame. Man has become a Hollywood actor by brandishing his gun at every instance, threatening to shoot down anyone who dares challenge his authority and he gets away with it, after all, Mafany Musonge and the Buea State Counsel will block the any case. The Buea people now live in absolute fear lest the sledge hammer of the LORD TYRANT of Buea falls on them and their houses demolished or their property confiscated.
4). BUEA STATE COUNSEL (LYSOKA LAND 40 HECTARES, BULU LAND and many others). Godfather’ Mafany Musonge.
5). BUEA DIOCESE (now fighting with national icon, Mount Cameroon Queen SARAH ETONGUE to snatch/grab her government-built house gift, the only legacy she has for her numerous participations in the maiden mountain race), that’s the church for you, preaching what it does not practice. Bishop Nkea of Mamfe own & hectares of land behind Molyko stadium, a man of God, likely with the objective of opening his own church save from the one he officiates in now. The church! Judgement day will shock so many people
6). ALL FAKO CHIEFS (For conniving and contriving with the administration, leading to the massive theft/confiscation of 2800 hectares of Fako land). It is worthy of note that a good majority of these so called chiefs are illegitimate hence their sizzling romance with the D.Os and S.D.Os to misappropriate land that belongs to the indigenes as ruled by the Gambia court.
Needless repeating that HELEN ESSOKA, Principal Police Commissioner was not only suspended for 3 months but has had her salary suspended since June 2014 for her assiduous and honest investigation into the massive theft of Fako land. That’s what you get for trying to be honest in this forsaken fatherland. Often times multiple reports have put the police top in the corruption pedestal but here is one honest and dignified officer who is being penalized for doing an honest job. It’s a shame. Let’s see what CONAC which has been investigating the land case will do. Most of the above owners have been selling the land since the CONAC case started. There is no hiding place for the wicked and nature is just. These people must pay for their crimes and if they don’t pay, their families will pay. Someone has to pay for these. Let’s wait and see how president Biya will intervene in this matter like he did with the IRIC exam. The private press has been investigating this land grabbing scenario until when PETER ESOKA was used to do the dirty job by summoning publishers and suspending their media organs from the air. The old fool who although on retirement for many years now, he is the only one competent enough to translate presidential speeches. Some of us can’t wait to have that old gruff voice off the air. Demons hide behind the scenes and use Peter Esoka to stifle and muzzle any organ that dares expose the atrocities of the regime. God help this country!
Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 15 March 2015 at 03:32 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Reviewer: Peter Vakunta, Ph.D.
Esther Lamnyam, celebrated author of Love under the Kola Tree: What City Moms Didn’t Tell You about Creating Fulfilling Relationships (2009) has come up with yet another powerful tool intended to enable readers to live impactful lives. Strive to be Happy is a compendium of epigrammatic reflections on human behavior. The ontological wisdom embedded in the bosom of this 148-page non-fictional book is priceless. Like François de la Rochefoucauld’s Maximes (1665)[1], Lamnyam’s aphorisms are the condensed sagacity of a writer who has traveled many roads. Hers is a clear-eyed, worldly view of human conduct that indulges in neither condemnation nor sentimentality. She posits that our virtues are usually only vices in disguise. Perceiving life as a ritual, Lamnyam offers the following counseling to her readers: “Have a ritual you practice daily. This will help position you and give you your bearings for your present location.”(35). Come to think of it, life is, indeed a ritual, be it the drudgery of existential humdrum or the repetitive monotony of daily chores. Even the friendships that we create, opines Lamnyam, are ritualistic and tend to be evanescent if we fail to nurture them. As she puts it, “When we abuse and choose to not honor relationships and other humans, they might leave us…"(37). Many a friendship has been broken on account of mutual ingratitude and disrespect. In this vein, Lamnyam argues, to give relationships longevity, it is incumbent upon individuals involved to say or do little things that manifest thankfulness. In her own words, “Many broken hearts are born from being ungrateful” (37. Her words of caution to ingrates ring true: “Do not take others and partners for granted… They have the choice to leave the relationship any given day…” (37
Lamnyam has a predilection for proverbial sayings that remind readers of existential vicissitudes: “Everything that is hot eventually becomes cold” (45). This binary juxtaposition of antonymic words drives home the point lucidly. This writer broaches the importance of nomenclature in social intercourse as seen in the following excerpt: “Give a baby a name/it grows with it…/Fear is in a name when it belongs to a tyrant/A name has personality /when the bearer is subtle/There is credit in a name/ it has honor and influence”(43). Lamnyam’s book harbors the key to a happy life provided we do the little things that matter such as greeting the people we meet every day with a smile: “Start by smiling…One of the most powerful good energy generating tools is a smile”(49). Lamnyam appeals to readers to be mindful of the impact their demeanor has on the people in their entourage: “Think about the effect your demeanor or sadness has on those around you” (49). These words of wisdom may sound trifling but they really do matter and may be the dividing line that dissociates a life of failure from one of success.
Lamnyam’s Strive to be Happy is an inspirational work replete with didactic messages as the following extract illustrates: “Evil energy needs something to feed on just like a hungry person needs food… Evil energy needs evil energy as its food…” (94)These sagacious words brook no contradiction. They are applicable to all and sundry—indigent and opulent, slave and master, governor and governed. This is Lamnyam’s way of admonishing readers against evildoing because evil begets evil.Throughout this book Lamnyam’s voice sounds like that of a quiet peace-maker. She calls for nonresistance as a modus operandi needed to ward off the pangs of pain occasioned by social injustice, exploitation and disenfranchisement. Hear her voice in the following excerpt: “Learn non-resistance in (different situations)…. this technique of nonresistance can be used in so many ways to diffuse potentially explosive situations” (94). Another didactic lesson that Lamnyam places at the disposal of readers is the importance of keeping promises. As she puts it, “The only thing you can keep when you give out is your word…” (128) By this token, she stands opposed to prevarication and falsehood. She has the conviction that people who tell lies and half-truths eventually lose credibility: “You corrode your credibility when you do not keep your word” (128).Lamnyam envisages a symbiotic relationship between human beings and animal beings: “Learn from the animals” (138). By elevating beasts to the pedestal of human beings, Lamnyam, by the same token, lowers humans to the level of animals. This is food for thought.
In her ontological peregrination, Lamnyam draws inspiration from the indigenous knowledge of her people, the Wimbum, as seen in her recourse to the following proverb: “Truth is slow, but it always arrives” (138). This maxim is pregnant with meaning. She has more to say in this light: “Whatever is done in darkness eventually comes to light” (104). As she sees it, truth begets happiness. When all is said and done, what is happiness according to Lamnyam? She defines happiness in spiritual terms as follows: “Happiness is to know the Savior/Living life in His favor/ Having a change in my behavior/ Happiness is the Lord” (141). The message nestled between the lines in this excerpt is a pointer to the writer’s perspicacious spirituality. In her mind, a life devoid of spirituality is an unfulfilled life: “Living a life that’s worth the livin’/ Taking a trip/ that leads to heaven/ Happiness is the Lord” (141). God is Love but God is also truth. It is for this same reason that Lamnyam calls upon readers to steer clear of tall tales: “Many of us are liars… Be truthful, else all this good stuff I share with you will be hard to come to grounded fruition” (129) Lamnyam does not speak tongue in cheek. She tells it like it is, not caring whose horse is gored.
This book contains cosmological messages intended for readers who nurse skepticism about the symbiotic relationship that exists between natural and spiritual cosmoses as seen in this extract: “… we must understand the interconnectedness of the universe in multi-dimensions to make better progress” (127). Lamynam seems secure in her conviction that the universe is a network of disparate entities needing coordinated harnessing for human progress, without which the results of human endeavors will be “abysmal in many cases” (127). To lend more credibility to her belief system she contends that “the spiritual and physical aspects of human beings have rules that apply and are constantly in motion, like the clouds in the sky” (126). The didacticism contained in Strive to be Happy touches on race matters. Using the colors of the rainbow as a starting point, Lamnyam appeals to human beings to learn to cohabit peacefully without undue attention to racial differences: “Use the colors of the rainbow to harmonize your day, week and life” (105). Figuratively speaking, the colors of Lamnyam’s rainbow are symbolic of terrestrial racialism.
This book brings to readers important lessons on how time and money should be spent: “Spend time and money on yourself and your aspirations” (82). This message is not an endorsement of inordinate self-love or narcissism; rather it is a call for parsimonious utilization of the recourses that God has bestowed on humanity for the common good—the summum bonum. Lamnyam’s call for the judicious utilization of planetary resources is echoed in the following extract: “Determine what you need and spend your money to get it.”(82). Strive to be Happy is a futuristic work as this excerpt seems to suggest: “Lay the groundwork or foundation today for your older age … Plan your nights in the day. Plan your evenings in the morning, your summers in winter” (78). These are words of inspiration at their best. Lamnyam’s book is also a clarion call for religious tolerance: “If your religion is very important to you and someone’s religious affiliation is different from yours, discuss that upfront…” (77) The author is certainly not oblivious of the religious upheavals that are rocking the very foundations of contemporary society. The book also satirizes religious hypocrisy in no uncertain terms:” People have many faces, one for work, one for personal life, one for wooing others…” (77)
Style plays a non-negligible role in Lamnyam’s narrative and calls for a comment. She writes in a conversational fashion, opting for words that do not create room for double entendre. Her recourse to a non-erudite style of writing makes her work accessible to the learned and not so learned, the initiated and the neophyte. Her diction is commonplace and poses no comprehension challenges what-so-ever. This is a masterpiece that should be on the reading list of all philosophy courses nationwide. I thought I noticed a few very light-hearted authorial impositions in the narrative; however these moments of interjections from Lamnyam do not cause any prejudice to the overall flow of the narrative. The translation of orality into the written word is a noteworthy aspect of Lamnyam’s writing style. She uses poetics like the one on pages 41-42 to communicate culture-specific messages. Proverbs, these pithy wise sayings that communicate profound messages, populate Lamnyam’s written work.
In a nutshell, Strive to be Happy is a hybrid text that combines aphorisms, proverbs, and desiderata to produce a poly-semantic work that appeals to readers across social strata. The plurality of themes broached in the book constitutes one of its unique strengths. I would recommend this work for inclusion in the required readings of college-level psychology courses. The uniqueness of this book resides in its accessibility to all age groups.
About the reviewer
Dr. Peter Vakunta is Professor French and Francophone Literature at the University of Indianapolis, United States of America. He is chair of the Department of Modern Languages.
Posted by Wuteh on Saturday, 28 February 2015 at 06:30 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mwalimu George Ngwane, News Dispatches, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Podcasts, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Thursday 12 February 2015, author(s)-editor(s) Peter W. Vakunta
En se servant des tournures linguistiques aussi subversives que les messages nichés entre les lignes, Requiem pour Ongola en Camfranglais: Une poétique Camerounaisede Vakunta présente au lecteur une critique acerbe de la corruption du lexique « démocratie » en «demo-folie” et la corruption galopante chez “l’Homme malade de l’Afrique. » Écrit en Camfranglais, ce recueil se qualifierait de la poésie de résistance du premier plan: “Tokking’ par la bouche des sans-voix,” l’auteur ne ménage aucun effort dans son entêtement à condamner le pays du roi fainéant, le règne du feymania, la réduction de la Constitution nationale en papier hygiénique, et le climat général d’impunité qui a créé une atmosphère de frustration et de désespoir. Ayant recours à la force rédemptrice logée dans l’expression—”Speak truth!” le poète navigue habilement dans le lexique multilingue d’un nouveau langage hybride africain pour mettre à jour le compte rendu d’un initié des enjeux réels d’Ongola, mot ewondo pour Yaoundé
“Using linguistic stylings as subversive as the messages nestled between the lines, Vakunta’s Requiem for Ongola in Camfranglais: Cameroonian poetics presents a scathing critique of the corruption of democracy into “democraziness” running rampant in the “Sick Man of Africa”. Written in Camfranglais, this is resistance poetry at its best: ‘tokking’ through the mouth of the voiceless”, the author pulls no punches in condemning the country’s roi fainéant, the perverted acceptance of feymania, the reduction of the national Constitution into toilet paper, and the general climate of impunity that has created an atmosphere of frustration and hopelessness. Calling upon the redeeming power of the Word – “Speak truth!” – these verses deftly navigate through the multilingual lexicon of a new, African hybrid language, providing an insider’s account of the real stakes at hand in Ongola, the Ewondo word for Yaoundé.”
Posted by Wuteh on Saturday, 14 February 2015 at 02:15 AM in Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Peter Wuteh Vakunta, PhD— University of Indianapolis
Introduction
The language question in Cameroon has become the elephant in the room. Of all the burning issues that continue to plague Cameroon, the language question is the most problematic. This paper argues that Cameroon’s Official Bilingual Policy has fallen short of expectations. We propose a Quadrilingual Language Policy that would lay the foundation for effective Multilingual Education that guarantees national unity and integration. Our model incorporates Cameroonian official languages, indigenous languages and a lingua franca—in our case Cameroon Pidgin English (Cameroonian Creole). The merit of this MODEL is that it would normalize Cameroon’s linguistic anomalies. More than five decades after gaining token independence from imperial powers—France and Great Britain; Cameroon still does not have an implementable language policy that protects linguistic minorities. Writing along similar lines, Ayafor (2005)notes that “language policy and planning suffer a political hijacking in which language measures are monopolized by political authority and are used as a form of blindfolding against the civil society and linguistic principles”(138).
This political bad faith violates Article 1:3 of Cameroon’s national Constitution which puts French and English at par. It states: “The official languages of the Republic of Cameroon shall be English and French, both languages having the same status. The State shall guarantee the promotion of bilingualism throughout the country. It shall endeavor to protect and promote national languages.” The fundamental flaw of this constitutional stipulation on official ‘bilingualism’ is that it fails to provide a clear working definition. It is not clear what level of linguistic proficiency must be attained by Cameroonian citizens in order to demonstrate officially sanctioned bilingualism. Worse still, the constitution glosses over the dichotomy between individual and state bilingualism. In a linguistically pluralistic nation such as Cameroon, Bilingualism could mean anything from fluency in English and French; English and a national language; French and a national language; Pidgin English and a national language; a national language and another national language, etc. Besides, proficiency in any of these languages could vary from zero to near-perfection. It is in this perspective that Rosendal (2008) makes the following observation: “The extent of bilingualism in French and English in Cameroon is hard to estimate. Bilingual proficiency varies from zero to near perfect at the universities, depending on how semi-bilingualism, functional bilingualism and passive bilingualism are defined.” (25) An interesting dimension of the discourse pertaining to official bilingualism in Cameroon is its correlation with biculturalism. Scholars such as (Echu, 2012; Tadadjeu, 1975; Fonlon, 1963, 1969) have pointed out that biculturalism is an integral component of official bilingualism. Sadly enough, official bilingualism in Cameroon has been treated with such levity that it has virtually been rendered dysfunctional. Jikong (1983) attributes the failed implementation of Cameroon’s official bilingualism to inadequate language planning. That’s why Bobda and Tiomajou (1995) observe that “In Cameroon there is no government position on language policy and planning apart from the statement that French and English shall be the official languages of the Republic”(127).
To put this differently, Cameroon’s official bilingual policy has been presented as a mere statement of intent. According to Soule (2013), “the State is doing quite a lot to ensure the promotion of bilingualism, as stated in the Constitution, but is doing very little to ensure practical implementation of bilingualism”(13).There is no legislation on the practice of bilingualism in Cameroon. Consequently, Cameroonians who infringe the constitutional stipulation cited above cannot be held accountable because there is no institution charged with the implementation of the nation’s bilingual policy. Though strongly articulated in policy documents, Cameroon’s bilingual policy remains a mere manifesto on paper. In daily practice, French has dominance over the English language in the spheres of administration, education and the media.
The position of dominance accorded the French language is attributable to the absence of an effective language policy that safeguards the rights of linguistic minorities. This status quo does not bode well for the nation’s quest for freedom and identity because as Echu (2004) would have it, “The Policy of official language bilingualism has created an Anglophone/Francophone divide in Cameroon that is seen in recent years to constitute a serious problem for the State” (6). Thus, though conceived to play the role of a unifying factor, Cameroon’s official language policy embodies germs of disunity. The lackluster implementation of the nation’s language policy has been described by scholars as a harbinger of national disintegration (Soule, 2013; Echu, 2004; Ayafor, 2005; Tiomajou, 1991; Bobda and Tiomajou, 1995). Ayafor for instance, argues that “language has become one major factor among the socio-political grievances of Anglophones’ so-called ‘The Anglophone Problem’ since 1980s” (133).
The ‘Anglophone Problem’ stems from the second fiddle status assigned to English-speaking Cameroonians by francophone members of government. This probably explains why in English-speaking towns and cities such as Bamenda, Buea, and Tiko, to name but a few, there are billboards and toll-gates with inscriptions written entirely in French. Rosendal (2008) notes that “bilingual policy implies that official documents and laws are published in both languages” (29). These examples lend credence to the fact that English remains a mere afterthought in the minds of government officials in Cameroon. In Cameroon official documents such as decrees and more are endorsed with an official seal and their content implemented without official versions in English. It is not uncommon to find English translations of important government documents fraught with mindboggling spelling and grammatical errors. These are pointers to the fact that the implementation of Cameroon’s official bilingualism has failed woefully.
There is no gainsaying the fact that what prevails in Cameroon today is tantamount to linguicide, a term used throughout this paper to describe the linguistic genocide that has been given leeway in Cameroon. Linguistic genocide is observable in all spheres of government business. In the judicial branch of government, the interpretation of the letter and spirit of the law is left to the whims and caprices of French-speaking judges who are ignorant of how the Anglo-Saxon legal system functions. This has resulted in countless miscarriages of justice. For instance, a travesty of justice was evident during the infamous Yondo Black trial[1] in the 1990s.
The National Radio and Television Corporation (CRTV) is another case in point. The preponderance of French news at the CRTV is no secret to anyone living in Cameroon. During electoral campaigns, little or no time is allotted to the campaign speeches of Anglophone opposition leaders desirous of addressing the nation in a bid to sell their political platforms. The language of instruction and daily routine in Cameroon’s armed forces, police and gendarmerie [2]is French. Anglophones recruited to serve in these forces have to fight or flee; in other words, they must learn French or perish.
Such is the crux of the Anglophone Problem in Cameroon. To eradicate these policy bloopers and save Cameroon from linguistic disintegration, this paper proposes a Quadrilingual Education System that is linguistically inclusive. Our model is calqued on previous models proposed by two of Cameroon’s most acclaimed experts in the field of early childhood second language acquisition, namely Bernard Fonlon (1963) and Maurice Tadadjeu (1975).
A Quadrilingual Educational Model in Cameroon
The Model that we propose is anchored on the acquisition of four (4) languages: English, French, a National Language and a Lingua Franca (CPE) before the Cameroonian child gets to University. We argue that a quadrilingual education model that gives pride of place to the acquisition of both official and national languages serves as a catalyst for the attainment of national unity and economic advancement; the more so because language constitutes the bedrock of nationhood and self-identity.
In our conceptualization of the Quadrilingual Model we have espoused the stance of Tadajeu (1975) who argues that “if language is to be the primary concern of the primary school then there is no reason for not including the vernacular languages in the curriculum at this level”(58). Tadajeu actually echoes Fonlon’s thoughts on this theme: “I must confess that the expression Cameroon bilingualism is a misnomer. It would be correct to speak of Cameroon trilingualism because even before the Cameroon child comes to school to learn English and French, he should have already learnt his own native tongue” (“A Case for Early Bilingualism…,”p.206). Other scholars in this field have argued for the inclusion of indigenous languages in the educational system in Cameroon (Mba and Chiatoh, 2000; Todd, 1983; Chumbo, 1980; Ngijol, 1964; Achimbe, 2006). Achimbe argues that the language education policy in Cameroon largely ignores the importance of national languages. As he puts it: “In promoting its bilingual language education policy, the government has largely disregarded the multilingual make-up of the country. Indigenous languages play only a secondary role…” (96).
Similarly, Tadadjeu advocates the inclusion of national languages in the education system in Cameroon in his trilingual Education Model. The Quadrilingual Model proposed in this paper envisages the inclusion of a lingua franca (Cameroon Pidgin English) for several reasons.
Lingua Franca as Component of the Quadrilingual Model
The rationale for including CPE in our model is three-fold. First, the number of households in Cameroon where Pidgin English is the primary language of communication is on the increase. Just as French and English are mother tongues for the majority of urban kids today, Pidgin English has supplanted these hegemonic languages in many homes, especially in instances of mixed marriages between Francophone and Anglophone Cameroonians. Second, Pidgin English is the only language spoken by over 85% of Cameroonians. According to Achimbe (2006), Pidgin English acquired a national character, “representing the mother tongue of fifty percent of the population” (99). He further notes that Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE) is fast becoming the mother tongue in some urban communities. Breton and Fohtung (1991) buttress this point when they refer to Pidgin English as a language of “wider communication in Cameroon” (12). Mbangwana (1983) lends credence to the importance of Pidgin English as a lingua franca in Cameroon as follows:
Pidgin English is very crucial as a communication bridge, for it links an Anglophone to a Francophone. It also links an Anglophone to another Anglophone, an educated Cameroonian to another educated one, a non-educated Cameroonian to another non-educated one, and more importantly an educated Cameroonian to a non-educated one(87).
Ayafor (2005) recognizes the importance of lingua franca in language planning in Cameroon when he underscores “the role of Pidgin English as a linguistic bridge between the two linguistic communities both in official and private domains” (128). He further notes that Pidgin English in not only the most widespread variety of English but it is the only language in Cameroon with the pragmatic ability to function as a contact language for all linguistic groups.
The third reason for including Pidgin English in the Quadrilingual Model is that Pidgin English is no longer just a language of the streets. It has evolved into a medium of literary expression. Cameroonians are now producing works of literature in Pidgin English. A few examples would drive home the point: Majunga Tok: Poems in Pidgin English(2008), CamTok and Other Poems from the Cradle (2010), African Time and Pidgin Verses(2001) Stories from Abakwa (2008), Je parle camerounais (2001), Moi taximan (2001)and Temps de chien (2001).
What we would like to do at this juncture is provide a succinct description of the Quadrilingual Model.
A Blueprint for Quadrilingualism in Cameroon
In our conception of a Quadrilingual Education System in Cameroon, we have made a clear distinction between a first official language(O1), which is the medium of instruction and the second official language(O2) which is a subject to be learned at school. At the same time, we have underscored the dichotomy between a national language (indigenous language) and a lingua franca (hybrid language used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages).
The long-term objective of the Quadrilingual Education System would be to prepare Cameroonian learners linguistically for university studies. The ideal would be to see each Cameroonian child literate and fluent in their mother tongue or a related regional language, the two official languages as well as a lingua franca as they work their way toward university studies. To be labelled fluent, the individual must be able to function at level 3 of the Inter-Agency Language Roundtable Scale of Descriptors.[3]
The Quadrilingual Blueprint
At the primary school level, the mother tongue should be the medium of instruction and the first official language (English for Anglophones and French for Francophones) would be a curricular subject. This stipulation would apply to both rural and urban schools. A proportionate number of indigenous language teachers will have to be trained in order to see this project through.
At secondary school level, a gradual switch would be made to the learner’s first official language (English for Anglophones and French for Francophones) as a medium of instruction. The mother tongue, lingua franca and second official language (French for Anglophones and English for Francophones) should become curricular subjects.This model ensures that learners are exposed to three languages before they get to High School.By the end of secondary school, the Cameroonian child should be Quadrilingual in the strict sense of the word as it is used in this paper.
At high school level German, Spanish, and Latin courses should be replaced by courses in Cameroonian indigenous languages. Also, some language majors would be encouraged to participate in indigenous language literacy programs. No specific modifications are anticipated at this level as regards the teaching of French and English, except where instructional pedagogies are concerned.
At university level two things could occur.
i. The extension of current indigenous language courses in a bid to transform them into inter-lingual translation courses covering all national languages as well as Pidgin English. Program designers and coordinators could conceive incentives that would encourage a greater number of students to sign up for languages related to their own mother tongues if there are no courses in their mother tongues.
ii. Students with linguistics as minors or majors could be encouraged to take indigenous language literacy courses that would enrich their mastery of the phonology, morphology and syntax of indigenous languages.
Conclusion
This paper has unearthed the root causes of the bilingual policy abortion in Cameroon. Incontrovertible evidence has been unraveled to lend credence to the contention that Cameroon’s language policy is a non-starter and has, therefore, failed to serve as guarantor of national unity and territorial integration. To fill this lacuna, this paper has proposed a Quadrilingual Blueprint that is inclusive of Cameroonian national languages and Pidgin English. The merit of this paper resides in the fact that it has broadened the scope of the national language policy discourse in Cameroon by arguing for the inclusion of indigenous languages and Pidgin English. Most importantly, it has made the point that national language policy decisions ought to be made on the basis of sound pedagogic principles rather than on the whims and caprices of uninformed political role-players.
Works cited
Achimbe, Eric A. “Anglophonism and Francophonism: The Stakes of (official) Language Identity in Cameroon.” Alizés: Revue angliciste de la réunion 25/26(2006): 7-26.
____________________.
Amvela, Zé. “English and French in Cameroon: A Study in Language Maintenance and Shift.” In Echu G. and Grunstrom, W.A. (eds.) Official Bilingualism and linguistic Communication in Cameroon. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Ayafor, Isaiah, Munang. “Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: Instrumental or Integrative
Policy?’ Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Ed. James Cohen et al., Somerville: Cascadilla Press, 2005.
Bobda, S. and Tiomajou, D. “Integrating ESL and EFL: The Cameroonian Experience,” In British Council, Senegal. Across the West African Divide. Proceedings of the West African English Language Conference, Mbour, Senegal, 1995.
Breton, Roland and Fohtung, Bikia. Atlas administratif des langues nationales du Cameroun. Yaoundé, Paris: CERDOTOLA, CREA – ACCT, 1991.
Cameroon, Government. Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé: Government
printer, 1996.
Chumbo, B.S. “Language and Language Policy in Cameroon,” In Kofele Kale (ed.) An Experiment in Nation-Building: The Bilingual Cameroon Republic since Reunification. Boulder: Westview Press, 1980.
Chumbo, B.S. and Pius Tamanji. “Linguistic Identity across the Borders of Cameroon Triangle,” In Kweshi K. Prah (ed.) (2000):53-74.
Echu, George. “Influence of Cameroon Pidgin English on the English and
Cultural Development of the French Language” (1991). Retrieved on
March 12, 2014 from https://www.indiana.edu/~iulcwp/pdfs/03-
hu03.pdf
_______________. “Pidginization of French in Cameroon” (2006). Retrieved on
February 12, 2014 from
http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/01_5/echu16.htm
_______________. “The Language Question in Cameroon.”(2004). Retrieved
January 13, 2012 from http://www.linguistik-
online.de/18_04/echu.html
Echu, G. and Grundstrom, A.W. Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: Francophone Cultures and Literatures . New York. Peter Lang, 1999.
Fonlon, Bernard. “The Linguistic Problem in Cameroon: An Historical Perspective,” ABBIA 22 (1969):5-50
____________________. “A Case for Early Bilingualism,” ABBIA 4
(1963):56-94
Fouda, Mercédès. Je parlecamerounais: pour un renouveau francofaune.Paris:
Karthala, 2001.
Hirsch, E.D. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Should Know. New York: Vintages Books,1988.
Jikong, S.Y. “Official Bilinguallism in Cameroon: A Double-Edged Sword,” Alizés: Revue angliciste de la réunion 19(2001): 7-26
Kouega, J.P. (2003): “Camfranglais: A Novel Slang in Cameroon Schools,”
English Today 19-2(2003): 23-29.
Kuitche, F. Gabriel. Moi taximan. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001.
Mba G. and Blasius Chiatoh. (2000). "Current trends and Perspectives in Mother Tongue Education in Cameroon,'' African Journal in Applied Linguistics (AJAL) No. 1 (2000) 1-2.
Mbangwana, P. “Flexibility in Lexical Usage in Cameroon English,” Retrieved December 12, 2012 from d_praqz5Z4#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9C%20mbangwana&f=false
_____________________. Mbangwana, P.N. “Invigorative and Hermetic Innovations in English in Yaounde.” World Engishes 10.1(1991):53-63.
Nganang, P. Temps de chien. Paris: Serpent à Plumes, 2001.
Ngijol, Pierre. "Nécessité d'une langue nationale,"ABBIA No. 7 (1964): 83-99.
Nyamnjoh Francis. Stories from Abakwa. Bamenda: Langaa Research and
Publishing Common Initiative Group, 2007.
Rosendal, Rove. Multilingual Cameroon: Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions.Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg Press, 2008.
Soule, S N. “Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: Farce or Reality? The Need for Texts to Govern the Practice of Official Bilingualism in Cameroon,” Retrieved on October 2, 2014 from https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=official bilingualism in cameroon: farce or
reality%3f the need for texts to govern the practice of official bilingualism in cameroon
Tadadjeu, M. “Language Planning in Cameroon: Toward a Trilingual Education System.” In Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Ohio: University of Ohio Press, 1975.
Tiomjou, D. Bilingualism in the Mass Media in Cameroon: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Cameroon Radio Television. (Unpublished Dissertation). Yaounde: University of Yaounde.
Todd, Loreto. "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon."In Kennedy, Chris (ed.): Language Planning and Language Education. London, 1983.
Vakunta, P.W. Majunga Tok: Poems in Pidgin English. Bamenda: Langaa
RPCIG, 2008.
_________________________. African Time and Pidgin Verses, Pretoria, Duplico,
2001.
__________________________. Cam Tok and Other Poems from the Cradle. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG, 2010.
Wolf, H.G. English in Cameroon: Contributions to the Sociology of Language. Berlin: Mouton de Grutyer, 2001.
[1] On April 4, 1990, the Yaounde military tribunal was the focus of national and international attention as arguments in the trial of Yondo Black Mandengue and 10 others began.They had been arrested in February of that year for trying to create a political party. Officially, however, the accused were charged with holding clandestine meetings, fabricating and distributing tracts hostile to the Government, rebellion, and insulting the Head of State.
[2] Police officers in francophone countries.
[3] The following ILR descriptions of proficiency levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 characterize spoken-language use. Each higher level implies control of the previous level’s functions and accuracy. A skill level is assigned to a person through an authorized language examination called the Oral Proficiency Interview(OPI). Examiners assign a level on a variety of performance criteria exemplified in the descriptive statements.
Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 14 December 2014 at 05:44 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, News Dispatches, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 26 October 2014 at 05:16 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Download Video-2012-07-01-10-20-04
Tribute to a Fallen Hero
By Peter Vakunta, PhD
Revolutionary ideas tend to outlive their originators. It takes a selfless hero to change a society. Lapiro de Mbanga, born Lambo Sandjo Pierre Roger on April 7, 1957 was a conduit for social change. He fought for change in his homeland and died fighting for change in Cameroon. Lapiro believed in the innate goodness of man but also had the conviction that absolute power corrupts absolutely. He was noted for contending that “power creates monsters.” His entire musical career was devoted to fighting the cause of the downtrodden in Cameroon. He composed satirical songs on the socio-economic dystopia in his beleaguered country. In his songs, Lapiro articulated the daily travails of the man in the street and the government-orchestrated injustices he witnessed.
Initiated into the pro-democracy movement of his own accord in the early 1990s in the wake of the launch of Ni John Fru Ndi’s Social Democratic Front (SDF) at Ntarikon Park in Bamenda, Lapiro remained steadfastly committed to his crusade against misgovernment, politics of ethnicity, tribalism, corruption, culture of impunity, influence peddling, electoral fraud and gerrymandering. Lapiro was laureate of many prizes, the most prestigious of which is the Freedom to Create Award, conferred on him by Freemuse in November 2009 at a ceremony in London. This write-up is my celebration of one man’s vendetta against a cancerous regime that thrives on the rape of democracy and human rights abuses. Paul Biya, Lapiro’s pet-peeve, symbolizes inhumaneness, misgovernment and the abortive democratization process with which Cameroon has come to be identified. The leitmotif in Lapiro’s musical composition is the entertainment of resistance in Cameroon against overwhelming odds. As a songwriter, he distinguished himself from his peers through bravado, valiance and the courage to say overtly what many a Cameroonian musician would only mumble in the privacy of their homes.
Lapiro was an anti-establishment songwriter who walked tall where angels dread to tread. For daring to compose an acerbic song titled Constitution constipée (constipated constitution) in which he lampooned the Cameroonian Head of State for tinkering with the national Constitution, the singer was arrested on September 9, 2009 and incarcerated in the notorious New Bell prison in Douala for three years on trumped-up charges. He was ordered to pay 280 million CFA francs (640,000 US dollars) as compensation for damage caused during riots where protesters had taken to the streets, angered by high living costs and a constitutional change that would allow the country’s president to stay in power indefinitely. Released from prison on April 8, 2011 he was later given political asylum by US authorities. On September 2, 2012 Lapiro relocated with some members of his family to Buffalo in New York where he died on March 16, 2014 after a long illness. What a loss for Cameroon and the international community!
I am working on a book that will provide the world with ample information on the issues that motivated this fallen musical virtuoso.
Dr. Peter Vakunta is professor of modern languages at the University of Indianapolis, USA
Posted by Wuteh on Saturday, 05 April 2014 at 11:07 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Download Video-2012-07-01-10-20-04
Tribute to a Fallen Hero
By Peter Vakunta, PhD
Revolutionary ideas tend to outlive their originators. It takes a selfless hero to change a society. Lapiro de Mbanga, born Lambo Sandjo Pierre Roger on April 7, 1957 was a conduit for social change. He fought for change in his homeland and died fighting for change in Cameroon. Lapiro believed in the innate goodness of man but also had the conviction that absolute power corrupts absolutely. He was noted for contending that “power creates monsters.” His entire musical career was devoted to fighting the cause of the downtrodden in Cameroon. He composed satirical songs on the socio-economic dystopia in his beleaguered country. In his songs, Lapiro articulated the daily travails of the man in the street and the government-orchestrated injustices he witnessed.
Initiated into the pro-democracy movement of his own accord in the early 1990s in the wake of the launch of Ni John Fru Ndi’s Social Democratic Front (SDF) at Ntarikon Park in Bamenda, Lapiro remained steadfastly committed to his crusade against misgovernment, politics of ethnicity, tribalism, corruption, culture of impunity, influence peddling, electoral fraud and gerrymandering. Lapiro was laureate of many prizes, the most prestigious of which is the Freedom to Create Award, conferred on him by Freemuse in November 2009 at a ceremony in London. This write-up is my celebration of one man’s vendetta against a cancerous regime that thrives on the rape of democracy and human rights abuses. Paul Biya, Lapiro’s pet-peeve, symbolizes inhumaneness, misgovernment and the abortive democratization process with which Cameroon has come to be identified. The leitmotif in Lapiro’s musical composition is the entertainment of resistance in Cameroon against overwhelming odds. As a songwriter, he distinguished himself from his peers through bravado, valiance and the courage to say overtly what many a Cameroonian musician would only mumble in the privacy of their homes.
Lapiro was an anti-establishment songwriter who walked tall where angels dread to tread. For daring to compose an acerbic song titled Constitution constipée (constipated constitution) in which he lampooned the Cameroonian Head of State for tinkering with the national Constitution, the singer was arrested on September 9, 2009 and incarcerated in the notorious New Bell prison in Douala for three years on trumped-up charges. He was ordered to pay 280 million CFA francs (640,000 US dollars) as compensation for damage caused during riots where protesters had taken to the streets, angered by high living costs and a constitutional change that would allow the country’s president to stay in power indefinitely. Released from prison on April 8, 2011 he was later given political asylum by US authorities. On September 2, 2012 Lapiro relocated with some members of his family to Buffalo in New York where he died on March 16, 2014 after a long illness. What a loss for Cameroon and the international community!
I am working on a book that will provide the world with ample information on the issues that motivated this fallen musical virtuoso.
Dr. Peter Vakunta is professor of modern languages at the University of Indianapolis, USA
Posted by Wuteh on Saturday, 05 April 2014 at 11:07 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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About the Owner
Dr. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is a professional French-English translator and interpreter. Before launching a full-time career as a translator-interpreter, I worked in the education industry. My professional background and language skillset are a perfect fit for companies working in the fields of intercultural communication, education, marketing, law, medicine and pharmaceuticals. I have worked with several organizations to develop culturally appropriate communication networks that resonate directly with global economic trends.
My educational qualifications include: Master of Arts in Translation Studies, Master of Science in Education, with specialization in Curriculum & Instruction, and a Doctorate in French and Francophone Studies. I am a certified translator and member of the American Literary Translators’ Association (ALTA). I have been a practicing translator-interpreter since 2001. During my leisure time, I write poems, short stories, novels and essays.I have over forty publications to my credit(paperbacks and kindle editions). I blog at http://vakunta .blogspot.com
Doing business with me guarantees success given that you’re in the hands of someone:
• Who has extensive knowledge and experience in both francophone and Anglo-Saxon cultures;
• Who saves you time and money by responding to your inquiries promptly;
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Tewuh Bros Freelance Services Incorporated is a total solution provider for translation, interpreting, manuscript editing and book review services. It is an Indiana-based business. In today’s global economy characterized by linguistic plurality, businesses run the risk of being obsolete if they fail to realize the urgent need for specialized skills in the fields of translation, and interpretation. Cross-cultural communication is an invaluable skill sorely needed in preparing goods and services for the global marketplace. We offer translation, interpreting and editing services in the following domains:
• Legal services. • Insurance services. • Banking and Finance. • Medical services. • Academic writing such as dissertations, research and term papers. • Review of manuscripts for publication. • Literature (poetry, short stories, plays, novellas, and novels).
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All translation and interpreting jobs are performed and reviewed by trained professionals in the industry. We work with accredited translators and interpreters from around the globe. These are professionals with college degrees who pride themselves on fast and efficient management of projects.
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• Produce translations of exceptionally high quality.
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Tewuh Bros Freelance Services Incorporated is a service-oriented industry focused on the translation, interpreting and editing needs of the general public. Though local, we have an international vision given that contemporary society has become a global village. We have brought together a large pool of highly qualified translators, interpreters and editors in more than ten languages. All translators and interpreters are native speakers. They are accredited by the American Translators Association (ATA) or by similar bodies in their countries of origin.
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A project coordinator is assigned to each client to monitor the quality of services rendered throughout the translation, interpreting and editing process. A glossary of terms specific to the client’s industry is used in a bid to ensure that the final product meets the expectations of the client.
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All of our translators, interpreters and editors are native speakers of the languages into which they translate, interpret or edit. Our employees entrusted with the critical task of meeting the needs of our clients possess one of the following qualifications: BA, MA, or MS. The competitive advantage of Tewuh Bros Freelance Services Incorporated resides in the experience of its managers and network of translators, interpreters and editors that we have hired. In all cases, translators, interpreters and editors are selected after careful examination of qualifications and work experience. The goal is to ensure that so that their specialization matches the company's clientele needs.
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Translations, manuscripts destined for publication, dissertations and term papers stand a good chance of being accepted by clients or publishers if they have been proofread or edited by a professional. We provide this vital service. Our proofreaders ensure that editing has been done properly. Their services improve the quality of translations, and manuscripts submitted to us. Our proofreaders read and compare the original and the translation to make sure that the target language is accurate not only lexically, syntactically and semantically but also culturally. They provide proofreading and editing services by checking the following:
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Posted by Wuteh on Sunday, 29 December 2013 at 08:29 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Preface by Dr. Kenneth Wilburn, Department of History, East Carolina University
The authors of this provocative book explore distinctions of individual and group belonging, as well as manifestations of not belonging. Written for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and those seeking knowledge about the complexity of identity, Fears, Doubts and Joys of not Belonging examines variations of imposed and self-imposed alienation. Ndi, Ankumah, and Fishkin explore the rich historiography of estrangement in fiction and non-fiction to demonstrate the universality, timelessness, and varieties of alienation. For example, Muslim leaders like Nana Asma’u of the Sokoto Caliphate disseminated educational poems of inclusiveness to the Africans of Gobir alienated by conquest. In contrast, Europeans who organized the Atlantic slave trade sought power and material wealth through mechanisms of intimidation and force that resulted in widespread hopelessness and exclusion. Both groups were victims of alienation, but those of the caliphate were invited in language they understood to participate inside the new society; those who survived the Middle Passage were addressed in languages they did not understand, transformed into chattel, and kept outside settler societies.
Thus, whether inclusive or exclusive in nature, alienation can be imposed, as heretics have often been painfully reminded by the orthodox. Yet alienation can also be willful, as Christian and Sufi ascetics have frequently demonstrated. In this book’s ten chapters, the authors seek balance in our understanding of estrangement by asserting that joy can also come out of willful alienation. From that half-filled glass of life’s serendipity one can often drink just as deeply of joy as one can of despair. This is what Steve Biko meant when he wrote about Black Consciousness, about discovering joy in one’s identity. Alienation can be transformed from a lock into a key to open the collective Global African in us all. Fears, Doubts and Joys of not Belonging moves forward that recent scientific discovery.
Posted by Dr Bill F. NDI on Thursday, 26 December 2013 at 11:01 AM in Aloysius Agendia, Bill F. Ndi, Books, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Cultural, Diaspora News, Dibussi Tande, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Interviews, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Picture of the Day | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Ce recueil poétique passe pour un miroir qui se promène dans les coins et recoins de la République du Cameroun. Façonnés dans le parler de l’homme de la rue, ces poèmes font le plaidoyer des sans voix camerounais, de tous ceux qui vivent à la lisière de la société camerounaise nantie. Les thèmes abordés sont nombreux à savoir la culture d’impunité, le cercle vicieux de la corruption, l’abus du pouvoir, le trafic d’influence, le viol constitutionnel, le truquage électoral, et l’inéptie de la bourgeoisie nationale pour ne citer que ceux-là. En somme, Speak camfranglais pour un renouveau ongolais fait un appel de clairon à une nouvelle donne camerounaise.
The poems in this collection are a mirror reflecting the goings-on in the nooks and crannies of the Republic of Cameroon. Crafted in the lingo of the man in the street, these poems speak for the voiceless in Cameroon, for all those who live on the fringe of a rich Cameroonian society. The themes broached are numerous, namely the culture of impunity, the vicious cycle of corruption, abuse of power, influence peddling, rape of the constitution, electoral gerrymandering, and the ineptitude of national bourgeoisie to name but a few. In sum, Speak camfranglais pour un renouveau ongolais is a clarion call for a new deal in Cameroon.
La poésie de Peter Vakunta s’inspire des rues d’Ongola et sa verve la destine à celles-ci. Par ces poèmes, il nous montre que la poésie est parole gestuelle, et le camfranglais, autant qu’une langue est une geste. La geste des pauvres, des laissés-pour-compte, des jeunes, la geste du futur donc. C’est un triomphe de la parole camerounaise que par sa plume, elle devienne poésie. Cette poésie est enceinte d’actions.
Peter Vakunta’s poetry draws inspiration from the streets of Ongola; its verve is destined for the streets. Through these poems, Vakunta portrays poetry as gestural language, and Camfranglais is gestural by virtue of being a language. It is a gesture of the destitute, of the downtrodden, of the youths, and by this token, gesture of the future. That Camfranglais is versified under Vakunta’s pen marks the triumph of CamTalk. This collection of poems is pregnant with action.
Dr. Patrice Nganang is Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature Stony Brook University (SUNY) New York, United States of America
Dr. Peter Vakunta is professor in the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Indianapolis, United States of America. He is author of several books and blogs at http://vakunta.blogspot.com
Posted by Wuteh on Tuesday, 17 December 2013 at 12:25 AM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Books, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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By Peter Wuteh Vakunta, PhD
It is hard to disagree with a weighty viewpoint expressed by a concerned Africanist. In an article titled “Masks and Marx: The Marxist Ethos vis-à-vis African Revolutionary Theory and Praxis” (quoted in Olaniyan and Quayson, 496-503), renowned Ghanaian writer, Ayi Kwei Armah, contends that Eurocentric racism is Manichaean in that it splits the world along racial lines, then assigns a negative, lower value to the world’s non-Western peoples. The assumption is that the rest of the world is primitive, savage, barbarian, and underdeveloped, and that the West is civilized and developed. Manichaean stigmatization is seldom based on knowledge of non-Westerners; it is often based on ignorance reinforced by disingenuous denial disguised in misleading intellectual jargon. Its source is racial prejudice. Teleologically, stigmatization cretinizes non-Westerners, especially Africans. The result is that Africans start to doubt themselves. Worse still, they begin to buy into the fallacy that African history does not exist; therefore, Africans have nothing to be proud of. This reasoning produces the stereotypical epithet of Africans as a “people without history,” to borrow from Eric Wolf (Quoted in Booker, 25). This reasoning denies African peoples access to a usable past from which they can rely in order to construct a viable future.
For centuries, Western powers have systematically stigmatized Africa as the ‘dark continent’ in dire need of enlightenment as they sought ways to justify the wanton theft of her natural resources through covert activities ranging from their roles in genocides, civil wars, the looting of mineral, forest, and land resources, and the overthrow of governments through mercenary activities. This Machiavellian spoliation of Africa has not ceased, what with the existence of monstrous contraptions such as Françafrique? As film-maker, Patrick Benquet, notes in his documentary Françafrique (2010):“Il y a 50 ans, en 1960, les 14 colonies françaises d'Afrique noire devenaient indépendantes. Mais indépendance ne signifie pas liberté: le général de Gaulle confie à Jacques Foccart la mise en place d'un système qui vise à garder, par tous les moyens, légaux ou illégaux, le contrôle de nos anciennes colonies dont les matières premières, et le pétrole en particulier, sont vitales pour la France. »
The most convoluted myth about Western conception of Africa is that which brandishes the continent as a free-for-all-zone populated by a divided people, a continent up for grabs on account of the presumed backwardness and inanity of its peoples. No wonder Howard French wonders aloud in his seminal work A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa (2004) whether or not Africa is a no man’s land. It is no surprise that Africa, a geographical sphere inhabited by a plethora of peoples with disparate tongues, cultures and traditions should have her moments of strife. The most homogenous climes on our planet have their instances of misunderstanding and turmoil too. Such moments should not be seen by merchants of half-truths and sharks ferreting for neo-colonies to meddle in the internal affairs of nation-states. As Mudimbe (1988) notes, Western presumptions about Africa justify the process of inventing and conquering a continent and naming its “primitiveness or disorder as well as the subsequent means of its exploitation and methods for its “regeneration” (p.40).”
Arguing along similar lines, Lyons (1975) notes the consistency with which nineteenth century European commentators regarded Africans as inferior to Whites on the basis of non-existent scientific evidence, quite often comparing the two peoples along the lines of children versus adults: Though they did agree among themselves about which European “races” were inferior to others, Western racial commentators generally agreed that Blacks were inferior to whites in moral fiber, cultural attainment, and mental ability; the African was, to many eyes, the child in the family of man, modern man in embryo (Quoted in Booker, 10).This skewed reasoning, he argues, provided a justification for European imperial conquest of Africa at the Berlin Conference in 1884.History has it that on November 15, 1884 at the request of Portugal, German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called together the major Western powers of the world to negotiate the African Question. Bismarck used the opportunity to expand Germany’s sphere of influence over Africa and forced Germany’s rivals to struggle with one another for territory. What ultimately resulted was a hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that divided Africa into fifty irregular countries.
This new map of the continent was superimposed over the one thousand indigenous cultures and regions of Africa. The new countries lacked rhyme or reason because European powers had divided coherent groups of people and merged together disparate groups who really did not get along. Little wonder that post-Berlin Africa has remained a battlefield to date, a balkanization that has been decried by French writer Rene Dumont in his work L’Afrique noire est mal partie (1962). It is important to bear in mind that the misrepresentation of Africa constitutes a leitmotif in European colonial literature. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1960) and Joyce Cary’s Mister Johnson (1951) are mind-boggling examples of Western literary hypes and half-truths that ought to be debunked by Africa’s litterati. Conrad’s novel depicts the entire continent as backward and primitive. As Achebe points out: "Heart of Darkness perhaps more than any other work, is informed by a conventional European tendency to set Africa up as a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar in comparison with which Europe’s own state of spiritual grace will be manifest"(Quoted in Booker, 13).
Like Heart of Darkness and Mr. Johnson, many other Western literary works about Africa are overtly contemptuous in their racist depiction of Africans. American readers are probably aware of the portrayal of Africans as savage cannibals in Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan novels. But as Booker points out, these writers simply ignored the reality of Africans altogether. The truth of the matter is that the characterization of Africans as cannibals and savages; Africa as an uninhabited wilderness where courageous Europeans could go on exciting adventures, served as justification for the European broad daylight theft of Africa's wealth. Africa is truly the richest continent on the planet in terms of natural resources. Any bickering over this truism is disingenuous. The soil of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, abounds in coltran. Coltan is short for Columbite-tantalite— a black tar-like mineral found in major quantities in the Congo.
The Congo possesses 80 percent of the world's coltan. When coltan is refined it becomes a heat resistant powder that can hold a high electric charge. The properties of refined coltan is a vital element in creating devices that store energy or capacitors, which are used in a vast array of small electronic devices, especially in mobile phones, laptop computers, pagers, and other electronic devices. Foreign multi-national corporations have been deeply involved in the exploitation of coltan in the Congo. The coltan mined by rebels and foreign forces is sold to foreign corporations. Although, the United Nations in its reports on the Congo do not directly blame the multi-national corporations for the conflict in the Congo, the United Nations does say that these companies serve as "the engine of the conflict in the DRC."
As can be seen from the foregoing, Africa has been the object of Western manipulation for a very long time. Innumerable incidents, including the transportation of millions of Africans across both the Indian and Atlantic Oceans as slaves, the colonial swoop on Africa, and neo-colonization have produced disastrous effects on the cohesion and productive capacity of African economies. Yesterday it was the French, British, Portuguese and Spaniards. Today, it is the Chinese. The Chinese are our neo-colonizers, as noted in Howard French’s new book China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants are Building a New Empire in Africa (2013). This book is a trenchant, immersive account of the burgeoning Chinese presence in Africa—a developing empire already shaping the future of the world's incipient superpower and its fastest growing continent. French draws a nuanced portrait of China's economic, political, and human presence across the African continent. In today’s Sino-African new-colonies we meet a broad spectrum of China's dogged emigrant population, from those singlehandedly reshaping African infrastructure, commerce, and even geography (a timber entrepreneur determined to harvest the entirety of Liberia's old-growth redwoods) to those barely scraping by but still convinced of Africa's opportunities. French's acute observations offer illuminating insight into the most pressing unknowns of modern Sino-African relations: Why China is making these cultural and economic incursions into the continent and how extensive they are; what Africa's role is in this equation; and what the ramifications for both parties and their people-and the watching world-will be in the foreseeable future.
There’s an urgent need, I believe, for Africa’s intelligentsia to re-assess the current conundrum in which Africa finds itself and address the horrors suffered by Africans as a result of the cancerous trio—racism, colonialism, neo-colonialism. Many sons and daughters of Africa are smart and have a clear vision of where they want Africa to be down the line. But paranoia and egocentrism have bred African inertia and paralysis that have become our own very undoing. To fight the good fight Africans need to know their own history. Current events are shaped by events of the past. That is why Memmi (1965) points out that “the most serious blow suffered by the colonized is being removed from history” (91). It is of critical importance for Africans to understand the impact of the continent’s past relations with the West in order to empower themselves to deal effectively with the present. The onus is on all African intellectuals to educate the peoples of Africa about the consequences of Western imperialistic parasitism in Africa. Europeans and other Western powers continue to mislead and misinform Africans about their own history. Half-truths are shoved down the throats of Africans and we swallow them. Trevor Roper, an eminent English historian at Oxford, for example, claims that “prior to European adventure in Africa, there was only darkness, and darkness was not a subject for history” (Quoted in Obiechina, 1975, p. 9). Our historians need to descend from their ivory towers and do the tedious but vital job of debunking these myths about Africa. They must educate misinformed Westerners about the glorious history that Africa had prior to the advent of our grave-diggers (colonizers).
It is time to unmask the sanctimonious hypocrisy of benighted Westerners who thrive on deliberate falsehood conceived to veil their handiwork in the underdevelopment of Africa. The deconstruction of the continent of Africa is the leitmotiv in Walther Rodney’s masterpiece, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1973). The younger generation of Africans seems too comfortable in their comfort zones. The onus is ours to call into question the condescending Eurocentric interrogations about Africa such as: where would Africa be without Europe? Would African peoples not be half-naked, half-starving warring tribes eternally at each other’s throat fighting for land without the benevolence of Westerners? We have heard enough of these hollow comments. Africans have to be strategic in their deals with both Westerners and Easterners. Africans have to desist from feeling permanently injured by a sense of inadequacy about their won achievements. African scholars must be courageous enough to unravel the myth about Africa’s collective amnesia. In the words of an illustrious son of the soil, Ngugi wa Thiong’o (1986): “The classes fighting against imperialism even in its neo-colonial stage and form have to confront this threat with the higher and more creative culture of resolute struggle” (3).
In today’s global economy, imperialism has become a monopolistic parasite, a veritable bugbear of the African people. Western capitalists employ all means, often unholy, to superimpose their hegemony on Africans. The debilitating effects of imperialism on the lives of Africans are real and deep. Africa’s economic paradigms have been rendered dysfunctional on account of the strangle-hold of Western institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund who continue to sing spurious Hosannas of foreign aid for Africa to the detriment of our domestic industries. The cry of the disenchanted sons and daughters of Africa resonates in Dambisa Moyo’s book titled Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid is not Working and How there is a Better Way for Africa (2009). Moyo argues that “The net result of aid-dependency is that instead of having a functioning Africa, managed by Africans, for Africans, what is left is one where outsiders attempt to map its destiny and call the shots”(66). Moyo’s book is an economic blueprint intended to serve as a paradigm for weaning Africa off the debilitating aid-dependency syndrome that has kept the continent in perpetual economic stagnancy for decades.
In this essay, I have argued that the Manichaean stigmatization of Africa is not benign.It is pregnant with socio-economic ramifications. Slavery did irreparable damage to the psyche and fiber of the black man; colonialism added salt to injury. And now neo-colonization has been hashed to deal Africans a death blow. The denigration of Africans and their way of life is a calculated Western contraption intended to provide a reason for the economic rape of Africa. To inveigle Africans into believing that the West is overly concerned about the collective survival of Africans, Westerners bounce around hollow buzzwords such as "civilizing mission", “foreign aid,” “humanitarian aid,” “structural adjustment”, and other loud-sounding nothings. Africans are not big babies; they are resilient grown-ups endowed with a sense of discernment.
Works cited
Booker, Keith, M. The African Novel in English, Oxford: James Curry, 1998. Cary, Joyce. Mister Johnson. New York: Harper, 1951.
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, Englewood: Prentice-Hall, 1960.
Dumont, René.L’Afrique noire est mal partie.Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1962.
_.False Start in Africa. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1969.
Europe News. “Nine French Arrested in Chad for
Kidnapping 103 Children” retrieved April 23, 2007 from
French, Howard. A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa. New York:
Knopf, 2004. __. China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants are Building a New King, Martin Luther. ‘Togo: Land of Contrasts’,
Africa Today(2005) 11.8: 22-24. Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and the colonized, Translated by Howard Greenfield.
New York: Orion Press, 1965. Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid is not Working and How there is a Better
Way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Mudimbe, V.Y. Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. Ngugi, wa Thiong’o. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature,
Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1986. Obiechina, Emmanuel. Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel, New
York: Cambridge University press, 1975. Olaniyan, T. and Quayson, A. African Literature: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory,
Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington: Howard University Press,
1972. Notes
Françafrique is a term that refers to France's relationship with Africa. The term was first used in a positive sense by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Côte d'Ivoire, but it is now generally understood to denounce the neo-colonial relationship France has with its African former colonies(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Françafrique). [50 years ago, in 1960, 14 French colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa gained independence. However, independence did not imply freedom: General De Gaulle had asked Jacques Foccart to set up a system that would give the French the leeway to use all means, fair and foul, to keep all former French colonies in the leash, notably their natural resources and crude oil that are vital for the survival of France]
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique_(documentaire) In November 1884, the imperial chancellor and architect of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck, convened a conference of 14 states (including the United States) to settle the political partitioning of Africa. Africans were not invited or made privy to their decisions. Bismarck wanted not only to expand German spheres of influence in Africa but also to play off Germany's colonial rivals against one another to the Germans' advantage. Of these fourteen nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time. The Berlin Conference was Africa's undoing in more ways than one. The colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African Continent. By the time Africa regained its independence after the late 1950s, the realm had acquired a legacy of political fragmentation that could neither be eliminated nor made to operate satisfactorily. The African politico-geographical map is thus a permanent liability that resulted from the three months of ignorant, greedy acquisitiveness during a period when Europe's search for minerals and markets had become insatiable.
“Breaking the Silence,” retrieved on November 21, 2013 from http://www.congoweek.org/coltan-facts.html
Empire in Africa: New York: Knopf, 2013.
Posted by Wuteh on Thursday, 21 November 2013 at 04:56 PM in 2011 Presidential Election, Aloysius Agendia, AYAH Paul ABINE, Bill F. Ndi, Canute Tangwa, Christmas Ebini, Diaspora News, Emil I Mondoa, MD, Emmanuel Konde, George Esunge Fominyen, Guest Bloggers, Guest Commentary, Harry Yemti, Henry Monono, Hope Kale Ewusi, Innocent Chia, Joseph Ndifor, Joyce Ashuntantang, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Louis Egbe Mbua, Martin Jumbam, Mbuli Rene, Mwalimu George Ngwane, Orock Eta, Peter Vakunta, Prince & PA Hamilton Ayuk , Richard Moki Monono, Rosemary Ekosso, Stephen Neba-Fuh, The Man Behind The Man Behind The Man | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Peter Vakunta, Ph.D
Literary translation is a highly meta-linguistic transaction requiring not only perspicacity but also mental flexibility, the more so because far from being a mindless replacement of lexical items in the source text by equivalent linguistic elements in the target text (Catford, 1966); translation practice has metamorphosed into cultural exegesis . What accounts for the complexity of literary translation as opposed to the non-literary is the peculiarity of the stylistic aesthetics and socio-cultural matrices in which works of literature are hatched.
One of the vocal voices in this school of thought is House (2002) who contends that “in recent years there has been a shift in translation studies from linguistically-oriented approaches to culturally-oriented ones” (92). Arguing along similar lines, Steiner (1998) maintains that translation is an “act of elicitation and appropriative transfer of meaning” (312).He likens translation to an operative convention which derives from a sequence of phenomenological assumptions about the coherence of the world, about the presence of meaning in formally antithetical semantic systems.
It is tempting to deduce from the foregoing that there is tacit agreement of sorts among translation theorists who view translation as an act of cultural hermeneutics . In this essay, rather than dwell on the underpinnings of translational theorization, we would rather shed light on the ramifications of viewing translation practice as an act of interpretation (exegesis). Our adumbrations in this discourse do not apply to technical and specialized texts. The reason is that the formalistic and aesthetic qualities of non-literary texts call for an entirely different set of skills that will not be broached in this paper. Suffice it to say that the faithful translation of a non-literary text depends on the translator’s deliberate conformity with professional canons; with the rules of the trade as it were. Literary translation is governed by rules that underscore best practices; these canons constitute the crux of the discussion that follows.
Translation as Cross-cultural Communication
In a bid to produce a text that meets the demands of dynamic equivalence from a cultural viewpoint , competent translators function as cultural brokers. Dynamic equivalence determines the inter-textual, intercultural and inter-lingual transfers that occur between source and target texts. In a bid to transfer meaning holistically from source to target texts, seasoned translators endeavor to unravel the latent significations embedded in the source text signifiers. House (1997) observes that the source text ought to be analyzed at the levels of language, register and genre. The reason she provides for such analysis is that in conveying information from one language to another, translators seek functionally equivalent linguistic and non-linguistic equivalents in the receptor language.
Dynamic equivalence is a key notion is translation theory and practice. The genesis of this discourse dates back to Eugene Nida, who in 1964 argued that translators should translate so that the effect of the translation on the target language reader is roughly the same as the effect of the source text on the source language reader. It is worth mentioning, however, that this is not meant to suggest that the translator should always find one-to-one categorically or structurally equivalent units in the two languages. Sometimes two different linguistic units in different languages perform the same function.
As a cultural communicator, the onus rests with the translator to bridge the gap between source and target text significations at both linguistic and cultural levels. As Siegel (2013) observes in one of her write-ups, “A source text could be thought of as a blueprint. If one strays from the instructions given, they end up with an entirely different product than the one originally intended.” Fidelity to the source text means that the intention with which the source text was created has to be faithfully reproduced in the target text. Viewed in this light, the practice of translation appears to be a deliberate act of cultural interpretation.
Translation as Interpretation
The thesis according to which literary translation is a sort of interpretation has gained leverage among translation practitioners. It is customary for literary translators to seek out the author’s thoughts and communicative intent (Buhler, 2002). To put this differently, effective translation derives from the translator’s ability to decipher the significations of the words in the source text. The term ‘interpretation’ is used in this paper to mean ‘exegesis,’ the act of deciphering the meanings embedded in the linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of the source text.
Exegesis presupposes a deliberate attempt by the translator to unveil the communicative motivations of the author of the text s/he is rendering. Competent translators are mindful of the fact that written texts embody among other things, cultural peculiarities, worldview and imagination of members of the linguistic community for whom the texts were written. The task of the translator does not end with uncovering the hidden meanings in the source text; an even more important demand on the translator is the task of transposing the unraveled meanings over into the target language.
Translation as Transposition
Jones (1997) sheds light on the signification of the term ‘transposition’ when she notes that transposition is a non-literal translation device. Transposition involves a change in grammatical categories, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and more. For example, the source text in French which reads “quelques jours après sa mort, la presse fit des révélations sur la vie privée du président” could be rendered as “A few days after he died, the press leaked out, information on the president’s private life.”
Notice that the noun phrase “sa mort” has been translated as a verbal statement, “he died.” We must not lose sight of the fact that subtle differences exist between English and French. One such difference is that English is a synthetic language whereas French is analytical. To do a good job, the translator is expected to be conversant with structural discrepancies between source and receptor languages. Such knowledge enables the translator to resort to modulation as a translation technique.
Translation as Modulation
Modulation as a translation strategy involves a change not in grammatical category as with transposition, but rather in the thought pattern of the source text writer. The ability to skillfully effect a message modulation distinguishes competent from incompetent translators. Highly effective translators are those who have mastered the ropes and know when to resort to modulation in a bid to not only maintain the figurative connotation of the source text message in the target text but also to demonstrate sensitivity to the sensibilities of the target language community.
Sensitivity to Target Language Sensibilities
Texts are not written in a vacuum; they are offshoots of cultural milieus. To a large extent, deeply held beliefs in a target language community determine the extent to which a translated text will be accepted or rejected. This has wide-ranging ramifications for the marketability of translated works. As Lefevere (1992) puts it, “translators are interested in getting their work published. This will be accomplished much more easily if it is not in conflict with standards for acceptable behavior in the target language culture; with that culture’s ideology” (87).
Seasoned translators know that if the source text is at variance with the ideology of the target culture, the translator has the latitude to tinker with the text so that the seemingly offensive passages are modified to conform to the ideology and poetics of the recipient community. This presupposes that the translator disposes of a sizeable socio-cultural baggage. Without such knowledge, the translator would be hard pressed to find relevant analogies in the target language culture and literature. The foregoing discourse places a huge premium on the primacy of cultural literacy as an effective operational tool in literary translations.
The question that begs to be asked at this juncture is why is it important to know all that has been said above? How valuable is this knowledge to budding translators, translation instructors and students of translation? We will provide answers to these questions below. The intent of this paper has not been simply to provide a plethora of modes of achieving faithful translations. The primordial intention has been to provide instructors and students of translation with some food for thought. The second and, certainly more important rationale has been to provide instructors of translation courses with a working model for conducting translation studies. We maintain that knowledge of the source and target languages alone will not suffice to be a good translation instructor.Given the polytonality and hybrid nature of the texts that are often assigned for translation, appropriate instructional models must be conceived for teaching literary translation. Culture-based literary texts, undoubtedly call for culturally-oriented pedagogical models. I will discuss one such model—the Bloom-Hermeneutic (Exegetic) model below.
Bloom-Hermeneutic Model
The Hermeneutic Model propounded by Schleiermacher and Bowie (1998) could be used in conjunction with Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) to create an effective model for teaching translation. This dual model of textual analysis would be germane for teaching literary translation. The theory of hermeneutics underscores the importance of interpreting, not only the hidden significations embedded in the source text but also the situational dimensions that constitute the substructure on which the text is anchored. The model facilitates the teaching of translation by enabling instructors to come to grips with the rudiments of text analysis. The model is anchored on the perception that a holistic understanding of a text is feasible when the relationship between individual parts and the whole has fully been grasped.
Bloom’s Model of textual analysis requires instructors to create higher-order learning tasks that require translation students to interact with source texts at six different levels: Evaluation (making value judgments about issues discussed in the text, resolving semantic controversies, assessing the function of vocabulary in context and other textual issues); Synthesis (creating a unique original product that may be in verbal form or a combination of concepts to form a new whole, using old concepts to create new ones); Analysis(organizing ideas and recognizing trends, finding the underlying structure of communication, identifying motives); Application(using and applying knowledge, problem-solving, use of facts and principles implied in the source text); Comprehension(interpreting, translating from one medium to the other, demonstrating, summarizing, and discussing the signifier-signified relationship); Knowledge (recall of information, discovery and observation).
Conclusion
In a nutshell, instructors tasked with teaching the translation of culture-based texts cannot but be like the texts they teach—at once bilingual and bicultural. The Bloom-Hermeneutic Model is distinctive by its circular nature. It is built on the concept that neither the whole text nor any individual parts can be understood without reference to one another, hence, its circularity. The circularity inherent in the Bloom-hermeneutic Model implies that the meaning of a text is to be found within its cultural, historical and literary contexts. The interface between socio-linguistics and literature implied in this model makes it particularly suited in teaching the translation of hybrid literatures. There is no gainsaying the fact that this two-pronged pedagogical paradigm is exegetic and thus suitable for teaching the translation of multi-layered texts that call for multi-faceted analysis. Notes
Notes
Meta-linguistics is the branch of linguistics that deals with language and its relationship to other cultural behaviors. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence.(cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics)
Exegesis is a term used in translation circles to describe the unraveling of the significations embedded in the linguistic and non-linguistic components of source-text. Ljuldskanov (1969) posits that exegesis refers to the translator’s willful attempt at deciphering the context, style and intent of the source text.
Buhler (2002) opines that viewing translation as interpretation conditions the translator to “examine the social factors present in the surroundings of the author” (62). For more on exegesis, see Steiner’s “The Hermeneutic Motion” in After Babel: Aspects of language and Translation (1998). Also see Vakunta’s The Role of Extra-linguistic Factors at the Exegetic Stage of the Translation Process (1991).
Hermeneutics is the theory of textual interpretation, especially the interpretation of Biblical literary and philosophical texts. Modern hermeneutics includes both verbal and nonverbal communication as well as semiotics.
According to Nida (1974), dynamic equivalence is to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language.
Online communication in a translation course taught at the University of Indianapolis by Peter Vakunta, 2013.
Works cited
Buhler, Axel. “Translation and Interpretation,” in Translation Studies: Perspectives in an Emerging Discipline. Ed. Riccardi, Alessandra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Cadford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited. Tubingen: Narr, 1997.
_. “Universal Versus Culture Specificity in Translation,” In Translation Studies: Perspectives in an Emerging Discipline. Ed. Riccardi, Alessandra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Lefevere, Andre. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context. New York: MLA, 1992.
Ljudskanov, Alexander. “The Semiotic Approach to the Theory of Translation,” in Language Sciences, 1975.
Nida, Eugene. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill: Leiden, 1964.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Vakunta Peter W. The Role of Extra-linguistic Factors at the Exegetic Stage of the Translation Process. MA Thesis, University of Buea, Cameroon, 1991.
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